AccountingQA Latest Questions

Atreya
AtreyaCurious
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  2. Ishika Pandey Curious ca aspirant

    Definition Not-for-profit organizations are also known as non-profit organizations set up to further cultural, educational, religious, professional, or public service objectives. Its  aim is not to earn profit Accounting done by non-profit organizations is fund based.   Type of accounting Non-pRead more

    Definition

    Not-for-profit organizations are also known as non-profit organizations set up to further cultural, educational, religious, professional, or public service objectives. Its  aim is not to earn profit

    Accounting done by non-profit organizations is fund based.

     

    Type of accounting

    Non-profit organizations do Fund Based Accounting.

    Donations received or funds set aside for specific purposes are credited to a separate fund account and are shown on the liabilities side of the balance sheet.

    The income from or donations for these funds are credited to the respective fund account. On the other hand, expenses or payments out of these funds are debited.

    Accounting when done on this basis is known as Fund Based Accounting.

    Let me explain to you with an example :

    The sports fund has a balance of Rs 100000 which is invested as a fixed deposit in a bank earning 8% interest. A further donation of Rs 10000 is received towards it. Expenses incurred towards prizes are Rs 7000; Rs 3000 towards trophies and Rs 4000 distribution of cash prizes. The accounts are shown as follows :

    Categories of funds

    In the case of non-profit organizations, funds may be classified under the following heads :

    Unrestricted fund :

    The unrestricted fund does not carry any restriction with respect to its use. In other words, management can use the amounts in the funds as it deems appropriate, but to carry out the purpose for which the organization exists.

    This is known as the general fund or the capital fund to which the surplus for the year is added and in case of deficit, deducted.

    Restricted fund :

    A restricted fund is a fund, the use of which is restricted either by the management or by the donor for a specific purpose.

    Examples of such funds are endowment funds, annuity funds, loan funds, prize funds, sports funds, etc.

    • Government grant: grant received from the government for a specific purpose is restricted to be used for the purpose it is granted. It is accounted for in the books following fund-based accounting.
      • For example, a grant received from the government for ‘the polio eradication program is credited to the polio eradication fund, and income earned relating to the fund is credited to the fund while expenses are debited.

     

    • Endowment fund: it’s a fund usually a non-profit organization, arising from a bequest or gift, the income of which is devoted to a specific purpose.

     

    • Annuity fund: an annuity fund is established when a non-profit organization receives assets from a donor with a condition to pay

     

    • Loan fund: loan fund is set up to grant loans for specific purposes say loans to pursue higher studies.

     

    • A fixed assets fund is a fund earmarked for investment in fixed assets or already invested in fixed assets.

     

    • Prize funds: it is a fund set up to use for distribution as prizes say for achievements or contributions to the welfare of society.
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Aditi
Aditi
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  2. Mehak
    This answer was edited.

    What is Inventory? Inventory refers to the stock of goods or raw materials a business uses to produce the final goods sold to the customers. What is the Inventory Turnover Ratio? Inventory Turnover Ratio is the financial ratio that shows how efficiently a business sells and replenishes its inventoryRead more

    What is Inventory?

    Inventory refers to the stock of goods or raw materials a business uses to produce the final goods sold to the customers.

    What is the Inventory Turnover Ratio?

    Inventory Turnover Ratio is the financial ratio that shows how efficiently a business sells and replenishes its inventory. It shows how well a business manages its inventory.

    Inventory Turnover ratio is calculated as follows:

    Inventory Turnover Ratio = Cost of goods sold / Average Inventory 

    where Average Inventory = (Inventory at the beginning of the year + Inventory at the end of the year) / 2

    If inventory turnover is high, it means products are selling quickly. But if it’s too high, the company might not have enough stock, leading to fewer sales.

    If turnover is low, there are slow sales or too much stock. That can lead to higher storage costs and obsolete products. It is important to find the right balance between the two.

    Why is the Cost of Goods Sold taken as a numerator instead of revenue while calculating the Inventory Turnover Ratio?

    The cost of goods sold is the sum of all the direct costs involved in the production of goods. On the other hand, Revenue is the total amount of money earned through the sale of goods and services.

    The cost of goods sold (COGS)  includes materials, labor, and overhead costs. Inventory consists of these costs and hence, it is better to take (COGS) as the numerator.

    Revenue, however, considers things like markups, discounts, and other adjustments that don’t directly relate to the actual cost of inventory.

    Let us understand it better with the help of an example:

    Suppose the opening inventory is 20,000 and the closing inventory is 10,000. Average inventory can be calculated as (20,000 + 10,000)/2 = 15,000.

    If the cost of goods sold is 45,000 the Inventory turnover ratio comes out to be 45,000/15,000 = 3.

    On the other hand, if the revenue of 60,000 is taken as the numerator, the Inventory turnover ratio comes out to be 60,000/15,000 = 4

    A high inventory turnover ratio shows that the inventory is moving faster than it is which is misleading for the stakeholders.

    Hence, the Cost of goods sold is taken as the numerator for the calculation of the Inventory turnover ratio.

     

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Simerpreet
SimerpreetHelpful
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Impairment
  2. Astha Leader Pursuing CA, BCom (Hons.)
    This answer was edited.

    What is Impairment of Assets? Impairment of assets means a decline in the value of assets due to unforeseen circumstances. Assets are impaired when the carrying value of assets increases its market value or “realizable value”. Impairment can be caused due to factors that are internal or external toRead more

    What is Impairment of Assets?

    Impairment of assets means a decline in the value of assets due to unforeseen circumstances. Assets are impaired when the carrying value of assets increases its market value or “realizable value”.

    Impairment can be caused due to factors that are internal or external to the firm. Internal factors such as physical damage, obsolescence or poor management and external factors such as a change in legal or economic circumstances, increased competition or reduction in asset’s fair value in the market result in impairment.

    Impairment Vs Depreciation

    Asset impairment is often confused with asset depreciation, which is rather a recurring and expected event, unlike impairment that reflects an abrupt decrease in the value of the asset.

    Impairment Loss

    Impairment is always treated as a loss in accounting. It is the amount by which the carrying value or the asset’s book value exceeds its fair market value.

    Before recording Impairment loss, a company must determine the recoverable value of the asset which is higher of the asset’s net realizable value or value in use. Then it is to be compared with the book value of the asset.

    If the carrying value exceeds the recoverable value then the impairment loss is to be recorded at the exceeding value i.e. difference of carrying value and realizable value.

    Example

    Suppose a company Royal Ltd. has an asset with a carrying value of 50,000, which has suffered physical damage. According to the company’s calculation, the asset has a net realizable value of 30,000 and a value in use of 25,000.

    Then, the recoverable value would be higher of the asset’s net realizable value or value in use, i.e., 30,000 which is still lower than the carrying amount of 50,000. Therefore, Royal ltd. will have to record 20,000 (50,000-30,000) as impairment loss.

    This is will increase Royal Ltd’s expenses by 20,000 and decrease the asset’s value by the same amount.

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Naina@123
Naina@123
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Bill of Exchange
  2. prashant06 B.com, CMA pursuing
    This answer was edited.

    Advantages of Bill of Exchange: Bill of Exchange is generally used as an instrument of credit as it offers many advantages to its users. The advantages are as follows: CONCLUSIVE EVIDENCE: It acts as a shred of conclusive evidence in case of any dispute between the parties like seller-buyer, drawer-Read more

    Advantages of Bill of Exchange:

    Bill of Exchange is generally used as an instrument of credit as it offers many advantages to its users. The advantages are as follows:

    • CONCLUSIVE EVIDENCE: It acts as a shred of conclusive evidence in case of any dispute between the parties like seller-buyer, drawer-drawee, debtors creditors, etc. Issuing the Bill of Exchange binds the party into a legal relationship. It acts as a legal document and proof in a court of law.

     

    • TERMS AND CONDITIONS: When a Bill of Exchange is issued, it mentions all the terms and conditions of payments. The terms and conditions can be like the amount of bill, date of payments, place of payment, interest amount if any, maturity period, etc.

     

    • ACT AS MEANS OF CREDIT: With the help of the Bill of Exchange, buyers can purchase goods on a credit basis and make payment after the credit period expires. If in case of emergency the drawer can also get such Bills discounted before the maturity period.

     

    • WIDER ACCEPTANCE: The Bills of Exchange carries a wide acceptance feature for the parties through which payments can be received and made without any difficulty.

     

    • RELATIONSHIP FRAMEWORK: The Bill of Exchange acts as an instrument that provides a framework enabling the smooth credit transaction between the parties as per the agreement.

     

    • MUTUAL ACCOMMODATION: Sometimes bills are mutually accommodated for the benefit of the parties. The Bill is drawn and accepted by drawer and drawee. Then the same bill is discounted by the drawer and the agreed sum is remitted to the drawee. This is basically done mutually to provide financial help to each other.
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Bonnie
BonnieCurious
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  2. Naina@123 (B.COM and CMA-Final)
    This answer was edited.

    To proceed with how to make a partnership deed, let me explain to you in short what is partnership deed? A partnership deed is the written agreement between the partners who have agreed to share profits of a business carried on by them. This basically contains terms and conditions to be followed betRead more

    To proceed with how to make a partnership deed, let me explain to you in short what is partnership deed?

    A partnership deed is the written agreement between the partners who have agreed to share profits of a business carried on by them. This basically contains terms and conditions to be followed between the partners.

    Few contents of the partnership deed are as follows:

    • Name, address, and type of business of the partnership firm.
    • Name & address of all the partners
    • Profit-sharing ratio.
    • Rights, duties, and liabilities of all partners.
    • Date of commencement of the partnership
    • Method of settlement of dispute among the partners.
    • Treatment of loss in case of insolvency of one or more partners.

     

    Generally, a partnership deed contains all those matters which can affect the relationship between the partners. However, if there is no such agreement the partnership should follow the provisions mentioned under The Partnership Act, 1932.

    Now coming to the main question how to make a partnership deed? See the process is not so complicated. The partnership deed may be oral or written, but as the oral agreement has no value for obtaining tax benefits, a partnership firm always prefers a written agreement.

    To prepare the same the partnership deed must be prepared on a stamp paper and signed by all the partners as per Indian Stamp Act and copies of the same should be with all the partners and also must be filed by the registrar of the firm.

    A deed may vary depending on the nature of the partnership they are engaged in. Generally, partnerships are of three types

    • General partnership
    • Limited partnership
    • Limited liability partnership

    the process of making deed is same for all but, the content of deed may vary depending on the liability of partners in the partnership.

    Further to know more about the registration process of partnership firm you can refer the following link https://www.mca.gov.in/Ministry/actsbills/pdf/Partnership_Act_1932.pdf

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Bonnie
BonnieCurious
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Receipts and Payments Account for the year ended 31st March 2019 Receipts Amt Payments Amt To Balance b/d By General Expenses 32,000 Cash in Hand 40,000 By Newspapers 18,500 Cash at Bank 155,500 By Electricity 30,000 To Subscription By Fixed Deposits with Bank 180,000       2017-18                         12,000      (On 30 ...

  2. Karan B.com and Pursuing ACCA
    This answer was edited.

    In the books of Rural Literacy Society Income & Expenditure A/c for the year ended 31 March 2019 Expenditure Amt Amt Income Amt Amt To General Expenses 32,000 By Subscription (W.N.1) 2,72,000 To Newspapers 18,500 By Legacy 12,500 To Electricity 30,000 By Government Grant 1,20,000 To Rent 65,000Read more

    In the books of Rural Literacy Society

    Income & Expenditure A/c for the year ended 31 March 2019

    Expenditure Amt Amt Income Amt Amt
    To General Expenses 32,000 By Subscription (W.N.1) 2,72,000
    To Newspapers 18,500 By Legacy 12,500
    To Electricity 30,000 By Government Grant 1,20,000
    To Rent 65,000 By Interest Received on Fixed Deposit 9,000
    Less: Prepaid Rent (65,000/13) -5,000 60,000     (1,80,000*10%*6/12)
    To Salary 36,000
    Add: Outstanding Salary 6,000 42,000
    To Postage Charges 3,000
    To Loss on Sale of Furniture (W.N.2) 13,000
    To Surplus (excess of income over expenditure) 2,15,000
    4,13,500 4,13,500

     

    Balance Sheet as on 31 March 2019

    Liabilities Amt Amt Assets Amt Amt
    Capital Fund (W.N.3) 3,85,500 Fixed Deposit 1,80,000
    Add: Surplus 2,15,000
    Advance Subscription 5,000 Books 50,000
    Outstanding Salaries 6,000 Add: Purchased 70,000 1,20,000
    Furniture 1,20,000
    Add: Purchased 1,05,000
    Less: Sold -50,000 1,75,000
    Outstanding Subscription 15,000
    Prepaid Rent 5,000
    Cash in Hand 30,000
    Cash at Bank 82,000
    Accrued Interest (W.N.4) 4,500
    6,11,500 6,11,500

     

    Working Notes:

    W.N.1: Calculation of Subscription

    Subscription for 2018-19 2,65,000
    Add: Outstanding Subscription (31 March 2019) 15,000
    Less: Outstanding Subscription (2017-18) -8,000
                     Total Subscription 2,72,000

    In the above calculation, for the year 2017-18 subscription amount was 12,000, and in the adjustment at the end of the year subscription was 20,000 so the difference of 8,000 is the amount of subscription that was outstanding.

     

    W.N.2: Calculation of loss on sale of furniture

    Book Value of Furniture 50,000
    Less: Sold -37,000
                    Loss on Sale of Furniture 13,000

     

    W.N.3: Calculation of Capital Fund

    Balance Sheet as on 31 March 2018

    Liabilities  Amt  Assets Amt
    Capital Fund (Balancing Figure) 3,85,500 Books 50,000
    Furniture 1,20,000
    Outstanding Subscription 20,000
    Cash in Hand 40,000
    Cash at Bank 1,55,500
    3,85,500 3,85,500

     

    W.N.4: Calculation of Accrued Interest

    Interest as of 30 September 2018 9,000
    Less: Interest as of 31 March 2019 -4,500
                   Accrued Interest 4,500
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Nistha
Nistha
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Debit Balance
  2. Pooja_Parikh Aspiring Chartered Accountant
    This answer was edited.

    A Profit and Loss (P&L) statement is a financial statement that records a summary of all expenses and incomes of a business during a period of time. It helps in determining the financial performance of the business. After recording all transactions in an account, if the debit side is greater thaRead more

    A Profit and Loss (P&L) statement is a financial statement that records a summary of all expenses and incomes of a business during a period of time. It helps in determining the financial performance of the business.

    After recording all transactions in an account, if the debit side is greater than the credit side, then the account is said to have a debit balance. Similarly, if the credit side is greater than the debit side, then the account has a credit balance.

    In a P&L account, when the expenses (debit) are greater than the incomes (credit), the business is said to be in a net loss. This loss is what we call the debit balance of a Profit and Loss account. A P&L account with a debit balance can be subtracted from Capital or be shown on the asset side of the Balance Sheet.

    As you can see above, the net loss is shown on the right side of the P&L account. This represents the debit balance of P&L. Once it is transferred to the balance sheet, it is either subtracted from capital or shown on the asset side as shown in the second image. However, they cannot be shown on both sides of the balance sheet at the same time.

    However, if the credit side is greater, that is if income is greater than expenses, then the P&L account shows a credit balance which is also known as net profit. This profit is added with Capital to show the final balance in the Balance Sheet.

    Debit balance of Profit & Loss account is not preferable for a business. Hence they should put in efforts to either reduce costs or increase their income to gain profits.

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Simerpreet
SimerpreetHelpful
In: >

  2. Ayushi Curious Pursuing CA
    This answer was edited.

    Yes, sure! But lets us first understand what a revaluation account is. A revaluation account is prepared to recognise the change in the book value of assets and liabilities of an entity. These changes happen when assets and liabilities are revalued to present their fair value. It is a nominal accounRead more

    Yes, sure! But lets us first understand what a revaluation account is.

    A revaluation account is prepared to recognise the change in the book value of assets and liabilities of an entity. These changes happen when assets and liabilities are revalued to present their fair value.

    It is a nominal account because it represents gain or loss in value of assets and liabilities. However such gain or loss is unrealised because the assets and liabilities are not sold or discharged.

    After revaluation of assets and liabilities, the balance of the revaluation account can be debit or credit. The debit balance means ‘loss on revaluation’ and credit balance means ‘gain on revaluation’.

    The balance of revaluation is transferred to the capital account.

    Journal Entries related to Revaluation Account

     1. Increase in value of an asset upon revaluation:

    Asset A/c Dr. Amt
    To Revaluation A/c Cr. Amt
    (Being asset value increased upon revaluation)

    2. Decrease in value of an asset upon revaluation:

    Revaluation A/c Dr. Amt
    To Asset A/c Cr. Amt
    (Being asset value decreased upon revaluation)

    3. Increase in value of liabilities upon revaluation:

    Revaluation A/c Dr. Amt
    To Liabilities A/c Cr. Amt
    (Being liabilities value increased upon revaluation)

    4. Decrease in value of liabilities upon revaluation:

    Liabilities A/c Dr. Amt
    To Revaluation A/c Cr. Amt
    (Being liabilities value decreased upon revaluation)

    5. Transfer or distribution of the balance of revaluation account

    Revaluation A/c Dr. Amt
    To Capital/ Partners’ capital  A/c Cr. Amt
    (Being profit on revaluation transferred to capital account.

    or

    Capital/ Partners’ capital  A/c Dr. Amt
    To Revaluation A/c Cr. Amt
    (Being loss on revaluation transferred to capital account.

    Numerical example

    P, Q and R are partners of the firm ‘PQR Trading’. They share profits and losses in the ratio 3:2:1. On 1st May 20X1, they decided to admit S for 1/6th share in profits and losses of the firm. Upon the revaluation:

    • Plant and machinery increased from Rs 1,20,000 to Rs. 1,30,000
    • The stock decreased by Rs 5000
    • Debtors and creditors both decreased by Rs 4,000 and Rs 6,000 respectively.
    • Furniture decreased from Rs 25,000 to Rs 10,000
    • Land increased by Rs 40,000.

    Let’s prepare the revaluation account.

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Radhika
Radhika
In: >

  2. PriyanshiGupta Graduated, B.Com
    This answer was edited.

    Plant and Machinery are the equipment attached to the earth that supports the manufacturing of the company or its operations. These are tangible non-current assets to the company and as a result, have a debit balance. Depreciation is the decrease in the value of an asset that is spread over the expeRead more

    Plant and Machinery are the equipment attached to the earth that supports the manufacturing of the company or its operations. These are tangible non-current assets to the company and as a result, have a debit balance.

    Depreciation is the decrease in the value of an asset that is spread over the expected life of the asset. Not depreciating an asset presents a false image of the company as the asset is recorded at a higher value and profit is overstated as depreciation expense is not provided for.

    There are two ways that a company provide depreciation:

    • By reducing the balance of an asset in the Asset Account by passing a journal entry.
    • By maintaining a separate account for depreciation called Accumulated Depreciation A/c. The nature of this account is naturally credit since it is created to reduce the value of an asset.

    For most of the depreciation methods, we need a rate to provide for depreciation every year. Now, for accounting purposes, the management can use a rate they think is suitable depending on the use and expected life of the machinery.

    Depreciation is calculated on the basis of the Companies act, 2013 for the purpose of book-keeping. According to Schedule 2 of the Companies Act, depreciation on plant and machinery is calculated on the basis of either SLM or WDV.

    Plant and machinery for those special rates are not assigned useful life is considered to be 15 years and depreciation is calculated @ 18.10% on WDV and @6.33% on SLM.

    According to the Income Tax Act, 15% depreciation is provided every year on Plant and Machinery and, an additional 20% depreciation is provided in the first year of installation of machinery.

    Depreciation on Machinery is charged on the basis of usage of such machinery. if it is used for 180 days or more then full depreciation is allowed and if it is used for less than 180 days then only 50% depreciation is allowed.

     

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Anushka Lalwani
Anushka Lalwani
In: >

  2. GautamSaxena Curious .
    This answer was edited.

    Journal entry for commission earned but not received Commission earned but not received is called accrued income. As we know there are two types of accounting, cash basis of accounting, in which the transaction is recorded only when cash is received or paid, and accrual basis of accounting, in whichRead more

    Journal entry for commission earned but not received

    Commission earned but not received is called accrued income. As we know there are two types of accounting, cash basis of accounting, in which the transaction is recorded only when cash is received or paid, and accrual basis of accounting, in which even if money is yet to be accepted or paid, the transactions are still recorded.

    E.g of accrual income- rent earned but not collected, interest on the investment earned but not received, etc.

    Journal entry

    • The commission that is to be received is debited, indicating the increase in assets whereas, the commission account (which will be giving you the commission) is credited.
      • Later on, upon receiving the cash an entry is passed crediting the commission receivable as shown below:

     

    • These are adjusted while making the final accounts for the business.

    Simplifying with an example

    If the rent earned was $1,000 and it’s yet to be received, we’ll be passing this entry-

    When it’s received, this entry is passed

     

     

     

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