AccountingQA Latest Questions

Bonnie
BonnieCurious
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  2. AbhishekBatabyal Helpful Pursuing CA, BCOM (HONS)
    This answer was edited.

    Fictitious assets On seeing or hearing ‘fictitious’, the words which come to our mind are ‘not true, ‘fake’ or ‘fantasy’. So, fictitious assets are those items that appear on the assets side of the balance sheet but are actually not assets. In substance, fictitious assets are the expenses and lossesRead more

    Fictitious assets

    On seeing or hearing ‘fictitious’, the words which come to our mind are ‘not true, ‘fake’ or ‘fantasy’. So, fictitious assets are those items that appear on the assets side of the balance sheet but are actually not assets.

    In substance, fictitious assets are the expenses and losses that are not completely written off in a financial year and are required to be carried forward to the next financial year.

    The examples of fictitious assets are as follows:

    1. Deferred Advertisement expense
    2. Loss on the issue of debentures.
    3. Debit balance of Profit and Loss account ( Net loss )*
    4. Preliminary expenses.

    Fictitious assets appear on the asset side of the balance sheet as expenses and losses have a debit balance.

    *when the balance sheet is prepared as per Schedule III of Companies Act, the Net loss is shown as a negative figure under the head Reserve and Surplus.

    Intangible Assets

    Intangible assets mean the assets which don’t have any physical existence. They cannot be seen or touched but are assets because they do provide future economic benefits to the business. Like tangible assets (like machinery and building), they can be also created, purchased or sold.

    Like tangible assets are depreciated, intangible assets are gradually written over by amortization over their useful lifespan to account for the economic benefits provided by them.

    Following are the examples of intangible assets:

    1. Goodwill
    2. Brand name
    3. Trademark
    4. Patents
    5. Copyrights

    Intangible assets which are created by the business-like goodwill or brand recognition do not appear in the balance sheet.

    Only acquired intangible assets can be shown in the balance sheet. Like purchased goodwill, patents, trademarks etc.

    Intangible assets also face impairment if their fair value is less than their carrying value after deducting amortization expense. The difference between carrying value and fair value is shown in the Profit and loss A/c as impairment charge and the asset is valued at fair value in the balance sheet.

     

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Radha
Radha
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Interest on investmentTrial Balance
  2. Rahul_Jose Aspiring CA currently doing Bcom
    This answer was edited.

    Interest on Investment is to be shown on the Credit side of a Trial Balance. Interest on investment refers to the income received on investment in securities. These securities can be shares, debentures etc. of another company. When one invests in securities, they are expected to receive a return onRead more

    Interest on Investment is to be shown on the Credit side of a Trial Balance.

    Interest on investment refers to the income received on investment in securities. These securities can be shares, debentures etc. of another company. When one invests in securities, they are expected to receive a return on investment (ROI).

    Since interest on investment is an income, it is shown on the credit side of the Trial Balance. This is based on the accounting rule that all increase in incomes are credited and all increase in expenses are debited. A Trial Balance is a worksheet where the balances of all assets, expenses and drawings are shown on the debit side while the balances of all liabilities, incomes and capital are shown on the credit side.

    For example, if Jack bought Corporate Bonds of Amazon, worth $50,000 with a 10% interest on investment, then the accounting treatment for interest on investment would be

    Cash/Bank A/C Dr     5,000
    To Interest on Investment in Corporate Bonds (Amazon) 5,000

    As per the above entry, since interest on investment is credited, it will show a credit balance and hence be shown on the credit side of the Trial Balance. Interest on investment account is not to be confused with an Investment account. Investment is an asset whereas interest on investment is an income.

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Jayesh Gupta
Jayesh GuptaCurious
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  2. Ayushi Curious Pursuing CA
    This answer was edited.

    Shareholders are the entities that hold some amount or number of shares of a company. As we know that ownership of a company is divided into its shares, a shareholder is actually a part-owner of a company. By entity, it means a shareholder may be: An individual Any other company Any other incorporatRead more

    Shareholders are the entities that hold some amount or number of shares of a company. As we know that ownership of a company is divided into its shares, a shareholder is actually a part-owner of a company.

    By entity, it means a shareholder may be:

    • An individual
    • Any other company
    • Any other incorporated entity
    • Cooperative society
    • BOI( Body of Individuals)
    • AOP(Association of Persons)
    • Artificial Juridical Person

    The rights of shareholders depend on the type of shareholder one is.

    Types of shareholders

    1.   Equity Shareholders: By the term ‘shareholders’ we usually mean equity shareholders. They are permanent in nature i.e. they are not repaid the money they have invested into the company until the company is liquidated or wound up. Equity shareholders have the following rights:

    • Right to have a share in profits made by the company. The profit made by a company, when distributed to its equity shareholders is known as a dividend.
    • Right to vote on all resolutions to be passed in the Annual General Meeting of a company.
    • Right to get repaid in event of winding up of the company. However, they are paid after meeting the obligations of outsiders and of preference shareholders.
    • Right to transfer ownership of the shares. A shareholder may sell its shares to some willing buyer and cease to be a shareholder of a company.

     

    2. Preference Shareholders: They are shareholders who are given preference regarding:

    • Dividend
    • Repayment at time of winding up

    Unlike equity shareholders, they are not of permanent nature. Preference shares are redeemable i.e. they are to be repaid after a period which cannot be more than 20 years from the date of allotment of such shares (as the Companies Act, 2013). Also, a company cannot issue irredeemable preference shares. The rights of preference shareholders are as follows:-

    • By preference as to dividend, it means preference shareholders have the right to receive a fixed dividend as a certain percentage on the nominal value of the share and that too before equity shareholders are paid.
    • Right to get repaid at the date of redemption.
    • If the company get liquidated before redemption of the preference shareholder, then they have the right to get repaid before equity shareholders.

     

    3.  Differential Voting Rights Shareholders: These shareholders hold equity shares but with differential, right as to voting i.e. they may either have less voting rights or more voting right as compared to ordinary equity shares. Generally, DVR shares carry less voting power.

    For example, a DVR shareholder gets 1 vote for 10 shares whereas an ordinary equity shareholder gets 10 votes for 10 shares i.e. one vote for every share. DVR shares issued to raise not only permanent capital but also prevent dilution of voting rights.

    The rest of the right remains the same as the equity shareholders.

     

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Aadil
AadilCurious
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  2. AbhishekBatabyal Helpful Pursuing CA, BCOM (HONS)
    This answer was edited.

    Realization is an important principle in accounting. It is the basis of revenue recognition and it gives to accrual accounting. When we used the word realization, it is usually regarding revenue recognition. Realization of revenue means when revenue to be earned from the sale of goods or rendering oRead more

    Realization is an important principle in accounting. It is the basis of revenue recognition and it gives to accrual accounting. When we used the word realization, it is usually regarding revenue recognition.

    Realization of revenue means when revenue to be earned from the sale of goods or rendering of services or any other activity or source becomes absolute and certain. An item is to be shown as revenue in the books of accounts only after it is realized.

    Realization in case of sale of goods

    Realization occurs in the following situations:

    i) When the goods are delivered to the customer for a certain price

    ii) All significant risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred to the customer and the seller retains no effective control over the goods.

    Let’s take an example. Mr Peter received an order of 500 units of goods from Mr Parker on 1st April. The goods were delivered to Mr Parker on 15Th April and payment for goods was received on 30Th April.

    The realization of revenue from the sale of goods will be considered to have occurred on 15th April because the goods were delivered to the customer on that date. The entry of sale of goods will be entered on this day.

    Realization is not considered to have occurred on 1st April i.e the date of order because the seller had effective control on goods on that date.

    Realization in case of rendering of services

    The realization of revenue from the rendering of services occurs as per the performance of service.

    Now there arise two situations:

    • Multiple acts involved in the performance of service: Here, the revenue is realized proportionately on completion of each act.
    • A Single act involved in the performance of service: Here, revenue is realized only when the service is completely rendered or provided.

    Realization of income from other sources:

    • Interest Income: It is realized on a time proportion basis as per the amount outstanding and rates applicable.
    • Dividends: It is realized when the shareholder’s right to receive is established and when it is declared.

    Realization with regards to other sources of income is considered to have occurred only when there exist no significant uncertainty as to measurability or collectability.

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Bonnie
BonnieCurious
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  2. GautamSaxena Curious .
    This answer was edited.

    Bills Payable Book Bills payable book, also known as a B/P book is a subsidiary or secondary book of account in which transactions relating to bills of exchange are recorded. It includes the recording of bills that are payable by a business. In a business where the number of bills exchanging hands iRead more

    Bills Payable Book

    Bills payable book, also known as a B/P book is a subsidiary or secondary book of account in which transactions relating to bills of exchange are recorded. It includes the recording of bills that are payable by a business.

    In a business where the number of bills exchanging hands is large in number, it is very useful, as it is tough to journalize all the bills drawn. A bills payable account generally has a credit balance as it is supposed to be paid at maturity and be a liability.

    Format for B/P book

    • The person, who draws the bill of exchange, is called a “drawer”.
    • The customer, on whom it is drawn, is called a “drawee” or an “acceptor”.

     

    Bills Payable A/c

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Aadil
AadilCurious
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  2. ShreyaSharma none
    This answer was edited.

    Drawings of goods The drawings of the goods, in a business, take place when the owner/partner of a business withdraws goods for their personal use. It's hence called drawings as it reduces the capital invested by the owner(s). It's also called the withdrawal account. The drawings are generally madeRead more

    Drawings of goods

    The drawings of the goods, in a business, take place when the owner/partner of a business withdraws goods for their personal use. It’s hence called drawings as it reduces the capital invested by the owner(s). It’s also called the withdrawal account.

    The drawings are generally made for cash or stock by the owner/partner and the relevant account is thus reduced causing the adjustment done on the owner/partner’s capital at the cost price.

     

    Journal entry

    The journal entry for the goods withdrawn for personal use will be as follows:

     

    Explanation via rules

    The drawings account is debited because it decreases the balance of the capital account. Whereas, the purchases account is credited as it causes a reduction in the purchases account.

    As per the modern rules of accounting, we credit the decrease in assets, thus, the purchases account is credited. Whereas, the withdrawal account when increased is debited. Therefore, the drawing account is debited here.

    As per the golden rules of accounting, “debit what comes in and credit what goes out.” Hence, the purchase account is credited. And, “if any expense or loss is incurred for the business, the expense or loss account shall be debited“. Thus, the drawing account is debited.

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A_Team
A_Team
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  2. Saurav

    Accrual Accrual expense means the transaction that takes place in a particular period must be accounted for in that period only irrespective of the fact when such amount has been paid. An accrual of the expenditure which is not paid will be listed in the books of accounts. These accruals can be furtRead more

    Accrual

    Accrual expense means the transaction that takes place in a particular period must be accounted for in that period only irrespective of the fact when such amount has been paid.

    An accrual of the expenditure which is not paid will be listed in the books of accounts. These accruals can be further divided into two parts

     

    Accrual Expense-

    Accrual Expense means any transaction that takes place in a particular period but the amount for it will be paid on a later period.

    For example- If rent of 10,000 for the month of March was paid in April month then this rent will be accounted for in the books in March

    For example- Interest of 1,000 for the month of March of the loan amount of 10,000 paid in April then will be accounted for in the books in March

    These are the following accrued expense

    • Accrual Rent– Accrual rent means the amount for using the land of the landlord is paid at a later period than the period when it is put into use.
    • Accrual Insurance– Accrual insurance means the amount paid as a premium to the insurance company paid on a later period than the period when it is due
    • Accrual Expense- Acrrual expense means the amount for any expense paid on a later period than the period when it pertains to be paid
    • Accrual Wages- Accrual wages means the amount which is paid to employees on a later period than the period when the wages get due
    • Accrual Loan Interest– Loan Interest means the amount of interest on a loan which is paid on a later period than the period when it is due on

     

    Accrual Revenue-

    Accrual Revenue means any transaction that takes place in a particular period but the amount for it will be received in the later period.

    For example- If interest of 10,000 on bonds for the period of March is received in April months then this amount will be accounted for in March. These are the following accrued revenue

    For example- Rent of 10,000 for the month of March received in April month then this rent will be accounted for in the books in March

    • Accrual Income- Acrrual expense means the amount for any income received on a later period than the period when it pertains to be received
    • Accrual Rent– Accrual rent means the amount for using the land of the entity by the other party is received at a later period than the period when it is put into use.
    • Accrued Interest– Accrued interest means the amount of interest received on a later period than the period when it pertains to receive
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Simerpreet
SimerpreetHelpful
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Capital ExpenditureRevenue Expenditure
  2. Astha Leader Pursuing CA, BCom (Hons.)
    This answer was edited.

    Capital Expense Capital expenses are incurred for acquiring assets including incidental expenses. Such expenses increase the revenue earning capacity of the business. These are incurred to acquire, upgrade and maintain long term assets such as buildings, machines, etc and are non-recurring in natureRead more

    Capital Expense

    Capital expenses are incurred for acquiring assets including incidental expenses. Such expenses increase the revenue earning capacity of the business. These are incurred to acquire, upgrade and maintain long term assets such as buildings, machines, etc and are non-recurring in nature.

    Revenue Expenses

    Revenue expenses are incurred to carry on operations of an entity during an accounting period. Such expenses help in maintaining the revenue earning capacity of the business and are recurring in nature.

    These include ordinary repair and maintenance costs necessary to keep an asset working without any substantial improvement that leads to an increase in the useful life of the asset.

    Suppose, company Takeaway ltd. purchases machinery for 50,000 and pays installation charges of 10,000. Salary of 15,000 is paid to the employees and existing machinery is painted costing 8,000. Here, the cost of machinery 50,000 and installation charges of 10,000 are treated as capital expenditure and the salary of 15,000 and painting cost of 8,000 is treated as revenue expenditure.

    Identification

    Points to categorize an expenditure as Capital or Revenue are as follows:

    • An expenditure that neither creates assets nor reduces liability is categorized as revenue expenditure. If it creates an asset or reduces a liability, it is categorized as capital expenditure.

    For example, a company Motors ltd. purchases furniture for 65,000, repays loans amounting to 1,00,000 and pays salary of 25,000.

    Here the company creates an asset of 65,000 and reduces liability by 1,00,000 as shown below and therefore is considered as capital expenditure.

    However, payment of salaries neither creates assets nor reduces liability. It only reduces profits and therefore is considered as revenue expenditure.

    • Usually, the amount of capital expenditure is larger than that of revenue expenditure. But it is not necessary that if the amount is small it is revenue expenditure and if the amount is large, it is a capital expenditure.

    For example, a company Stars ltd purchases machinery for 1,20,000, furniture for 35,000 and has a rental expense of 80,000.

    Here, the purchase of machinery is capital expenditure since it results in higher expense. However, the purchase of furniture cannot be regarded as a revenue expense and payment of rent cannot be regarded as a capital expense only because the rental expense is higher than the amount expended for the purchase of furniture.

    • Usually, capital expenditure is not frequent and is made at a time, in lump sum. On the other hand, revenue expenditure is paid periodically. However, it is possible that capital expenditure is paid in installments.

    For example, a company Caps ltd. purchases land for 1,00,00,000 on an equal monthly installment basis. Then such payments cannot be considered as revenue expense only because the payments are recurring. Since the installments are paid in lieu of the purchase of land which is a long term asset, the payments will be considered as capital expenditure.

    • Mostly capital expenditures are met out of capital whereas revenue expenditures are met out of revenue receipts. However, payments can be made vice-versa.
    • If an expenditure is incurred by the payer as a capital expenditure, it will remain a capital expenditure even if the amount may be revenue receipt in the hands of the payee.

    For example, a company Marks Ltd. purchases machinery directly from the manufacturer for 50,000. For the manufacturer, the proceeds from the sale of machine are revenue in nature but the amount expended by Marks Ltd. will be categorized as capital expenditure.

    Following conclusion can be inferred from the above explanation:

    *Such transactions may or may not hold true as explained above.

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Bonnie
BonnieCurious
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Balance SheetCalls in Advance
  2. Radha M.Com, NET
    This answer was edited.

    Let us begin with a short explanation of what Calls-in-Advance is: Whenever a company accepts money from its shareholders for calls not yet made, then we call it calls-in-advance. To put it in even simpler terms, it is the amount not yet called up by the company but paid by the shareholder. An imporRead more

    Let us begin with a short explanation of what Calls-in-Advance is:

    Whenever a company accepts money from its shareholders for calls not yet made, then we call it calls-in-advance. To put it in even simpler terms, it is the amount not yet called up by the company but paid by the shareholder. An important thing to note here is that a company can accept calls-in-advance from its shareholders only when authorized by its Articles of Association.

    Calls-in-advance is treated as the company’s liability because it has received the money in advance, which has not yet become due. Till the amount becomes due, it will be treated as a current liability of the company.

    The journal entry for recording calls-in-advance is as follows:

    The money received from the shareholder is an asset for the company and therefore Bank A/c is debited with the amount received as calls-in-advance. The calls-in-advance A/c is credited because it is a liability for the company.

    Since Calls-in-Advance is a liability, it is shown in the Equities and Liabilities part of the Balance Sheet under the head Current Liabilities and sub-head Other Current Liabilities.

    For better understanding, we will take an example,

    ABC Ltd. made the first call of 3 per share on its 10,00,000 equity shares on 1st May. Max, a shareholder, holding 5,000 shares paid the final call amount 2 along with the first call money. Now let me show the journal entry to record calls-in-advance.

    In the Balance Sheet, I will show calls-in-advance in the following manner,

    The calls-in-advance of 10,000 is shown under the Equities and Liabilities side of the balance sheet under the head current liabilities and sub-head other current liabilities. It will be shown as a liability till the final call money becomes due. The amount received by the company from Max is shown on the Assets side of the balance sheet under head current assets and under the sub-head cash and cash equivalents.

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Simerpreet
SimerpreetHelpful
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  2. Karan B.com and Pursuing ACCA
    This answer was edited.

    Software is not depreciated but amortized, as it is an intangible asset. As per companies act the useful life of software is 3 years. The treatment of depreciation is the same as computers. Following are the software depreciation rates as per the companies act: As of 2021 Nature of Asset Useful LifeRead more

    Software is not depreciated but amortized, as it is an intangible asset. As per companies act the useful life of software is 3 years. The treatment of depreciation is the same as computers. Following are the software depreciation rates as per the companies act:

    As of 2021

    Nature of Asset Useful Life Depreciation
    WDV SLM
    Servers and networks 6 years 39.30% 15.83%
    End-user devices such as desktops, laptops, etc. 3 years 63.16% 31.67%

    For example, XYZ Ltd purchased a new accounting software on 1 October for Rs.50,000. As per the Companies Act, the useful life of software is 3 years. Hence, the software will be amortized for 3 years and the company amortizes on the straight-line method.

    Amortization amount = 50,000*31.67%

    For full year = Rs.15,835

    As the software was purchased on 1 October hence it will be amortized for 6 months.

    For 6 months = 15,835*6/12

    = Rs.7,917.50

    Amortization is the same as depreciation. Hence, treatment will also be the same. The amortization amount will be transferred to the Profit & Loss A/c on the debit side as a non-cash expense.

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