AccountingQA Latest Questions

Astha
AsthaLeader
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  2. Manvi Pursuing ACCA
    This answer was edited.

    An asset is an item of property owned by a company/business. It may be for a longer or shorter period of time. Assets are classified into two broad heads: Non-Current Assets Current Assets   The asset may be sold for several reasons such as: An asset is fully depreciated. It should be sold becaRead more

    An asset is an item of property owned by a company/business. It may be for a longer or shorter period of time. Assets are classified into two broad heads:

    1. Non-Current Assets
    2. Current Assets

     

    The asset may be sold for several reasons such as:

    1. An asset is fully depreciated.
    2. It should be sold because it is no longer needed.
    3. It is removed from the books due to unforeseen circumstances.

     

    The journal entry for profit on the sale of assets will be:

    Cash / Bank A/c Debit
             To Asset A/c Credit
             To Profit on Sale of Asset A/c Credit
    (Being sale of an asset made with a gain)

    According to the golden rules of accounting, in the above entry “Cash/Bank A/c” it is a Real Account and the rule says “Debit what comes in” and so is debited.

    “Asset A/c” is a real account and the rule says “Credit what goes out” and so is credited. Any Gain on sale of an asset goes to the Nominal account and according to the rule “Credit, all incomes and gains” and so is credited.

     

    The journal entry for loss on sale of the asset will be:

    Cash / Bank A/c Debit
    Loss on Sale of Asset A/c Debit
             To Asset A/c Credit
    (Being sale of an asset made and loss incurred)

    In the above entry, “Loss on Sale of Asset” is debited because according to Nominal account rules “Debit all losses and expenses” and so is debited.

    According to modern rules of accounting, “Debit entry” increases assets and expenses, and decreases liability and revenue, a “Credit entry” increases liability and revenue, and decreases assets and expenses.

    Cash / Bank A/c Debit Increases Asset
    Loss on Sale of Asset A/c Debit Increases Expenses
             To Asset A/c Credit Decreases Asset
             To Profit on Sale of Asset A/c Credit Increases Expenses

     

    For example, Mr. A sold furniture for $2,500 and incurred a loss on the sale which amounted to $2,500.

    According to modern rules, the journal entry will be:

    Particulars Amt Amt  
    Cash / Bank A/c 2,500 Increase in asset
    Loss on Sale of Asset A/c 2,500 Increase in expenses
             To Asset A/c 5,000 Decrease in asset
    (Being sale of an asset made and loss incurred)
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AbhishekBatabyal
AbhishekBatabyalHelpful
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  2. Ayushi Curious Pursuing CA
    This answer was edited.

    The Income Tax 1961 does not provide any rate of depreciation specifically for cameras. But we can consider camera within the block of ‘Computer including software’ for which the rate of depreciation is 40% at WDV method. It is a general practice for non-corporates to charge depreciation at rates slRead more

    The Income Tax 1961 does not provide any rate of depreciation specifically for cameras. But we can consider camera within the block of ‘Computer including software’ for which the rate of depreciation is 40% at WDV method.

    It is a general practice for non-corporates to charge depreciation at rates slightly lower than the rate provided by the Income Tax Act, 1961. But one cannot charge depreciation more than it.

    In the case of corporate, the rates for charging depreciation are provided by the Companies Act 2013, which is

    • 20.58% WDV and 7.31% SLM for cameras to be used for the production of cinematography and motion pictures.
    • 25.89% WDV and 9.50% SLM for cameras which is part of electrical installations and equipment (CCTV cameras).

    Let’s take an example:

    Mr X is a jewellery shop owner and has installed CCTV cameras on 1st April 2021, costing ₹ 40,000 at various points in his shop to ensure safety and security. Keeping in mind the Income-tax rates, his accountant decided to charge depreciation @ 30% p.a. on the CCTV cameras.

    Following is the journal entry:

    The balance sheet will look like this:

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Spriha Sparsh
Spriha Sparsh
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  2. Radhika
    This answer was edited.

    Working Capital is the capital used in the daily operations of the business. It is calculated as the difference between current assets and current liabilities. Gross working capital means current assets and net working capital means the difference between current assets and current liabilities. WorkRead more

    Working Capital is the capital used in the daily operations of the business. It is calculated as the difference between current assets and current liabilities. Gross working capital means current assets and net working capital means the difference between current assets and current liabilities.

    Working Capital indicates the short-term liquidity of its business. It means the ability of a company to meet its daily requirements through short-term financing.

    Working Capital can be;

    • Positive
    • Zero, or
    • Negative

    Positive or negative working capital follows a simple rule of math. If current assets are more than current liabilities, working capital is positive and if current assets are less than current liabilities, working capital is negative. When current assets are equal to current liabilities, working capital is zero.

    Negative working capital for a short period means that the company has made a big payment to its vendors, or a significant increase in the creditor’s account because of credit purchases.

    However, if working capital is negative for a longer period it indicates that the company is struggling with its operating requirements or that it has to finance its daily operations through long-term borrowings.

    The current ratio for a company is calculated as: 

    Current Assets divided by Current Liabilities.

    Working Capital and Current Ratio are interrelated. If the Current Ratio is more than 1, it means current assets exceed current liabilities and Working Capital is positive. However, if the Current Ratio is less than 1, it means current liabilities exceed current assets and Working Capital is negative.

    For example-

    If Current Assets are Rs 50,000 and Current Liabilities are Rs 70,000 then

    Working Capital= Current Assets – Current Liabilities

    WC           =        Rs 70,000   –     Rs 50,000

    WC           =                   Rs. 20,000

    Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities

    CR        =         Rs.50,000/ Rs. 70,000

    CR        =                           0.71< 1

     

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Aadil
AadilCurious
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  2. Radhika
    This answer was edited.

    A Capital Account is an account that shows the owner's equity in the firm and a Partner's Capital Account is an account that shows the partner's equity in a partnership firm. Partner’s Capital Account includes transactions between the partners and the firm. Examples of such transactions are: CapitalRead more

    A Capital Account is an account that shows the owner’s equity in the firm and a Partner’s Capital Account is an account that shows the partner’s equity in a partnership firm.

    Partner’s Capital Account includes transactions between the partners and the firm. Examples of such transactions are:

    • Capital introduced in the firm
    • Capital withdrawn
    • Interest on Capital
    • Interest on Drawings
    • Profit or loss in the financial year, etc.

    When partners are given interest on their capital contribution in the firm, it is called on Interest on Capital.

    In case the partnership firm does not have a Partnership Deed, the Partnership Act does not include a provision for Interest on Capital. However, if the partners want they can mutually decide the rate of Interest on Capital.

    Interest on Capital is calculated on the opening capital of the partners and is only allowed when the firm makes a profit, that is, in case a firm incurs losses, it cannot allow Interest on Capital to its partners.

    Example:

    In a partnership firm, there are two partners A and B, and their capital contribution is Rs 10,000 and 20,000 respectively. Interest on capital is @ 10% p.a. The Interest on Capital for both the partners is:

    Partner A- 10,000 * 10/100 = 1,000

    Partner B- 20,000 * 10/100 = 2,000

    The journal entry for Interest on Capital is an adjusting entry and is shown as:

    Interest on Capital A/c                                                          Dr. 3,000
                                         To A’s Capital a/c 1,000
                                         To B’s Capital A/c 2,000
    • Partner’s Capital Account is credited because it is credit in nature and interest on capital is an addition to the account.
    • Interest on Capital Account is debited because it is an expense account.

     

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A_Team
A_Team
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  2. Rahul_Jose Aspiring CA currently doing Bcom

    Working capital is defined as the difference between current assets and current liabilities of a business. Current assets include cash, debtors and stock whereas current liabilities include creditors and short term loans etc. FORMULA Current Assets - Current Liabilities = Working Capital Zero workinRead more

    Working capital is defined as the difference between current assets and current liabilities of a business. Current assets include cash, debtors and stock whereas current liabilities include creditors and short term loans etc.

    FORMULA

    Current Assets – Current Liabilities = Working Capital

    Zero working capital is when a company has the exact same amount of current assets and current liabilities. When both are equal, the difference becomes zero and hence the name, Zero working capital. Working Capital may be positive or negative. When current assets exceed current liabilities, it shows positive working capital and when current liabilities exceed current assets, it shows negative working capital.

    Zero working capital can be operated by adopting demand-based production. In this method, the business only produces units as and when they are ordered by the customers. Through this method, all stocks of finished goods will be eliminated. Also, raw material is only ordered based on the amount of demand.

    This reduces the investment in working capital and thus the investment in long term assets can increase. The company can also use the funds for other purposes like growth or new opportunities.

    EXAMPLE

    Suppose a company has Inventory worth Rs 3,000, Debtors worth Rs 4,000 and cash worth Rs 2,000. The creditors of the company are Rs 6,000 and short term borrowings are Rs 3,000.

    Now, total assets = Rs 9,000 ( 3,000 + 4,000 + 2,000)
    And total liabilities = Rs 9,000 ( 6,000 + 3,000)
    Therefore, working capital = 9,000 – 9,000 = 0

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A_Team
A_Team
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  2. GautamSaxena Curious .
    This answer was edited.

    There are three types of businesses that can be commenced, they are sole proprietorship, partnership, and joint-stock company. As we all know, to start any business a certain sum of money has to be invested by the owner which is known as the capital of the business in terms of accounting. In companiRead more

    There are three types of businesses that can be commenced, they are sole proprietorship, partnership, and joint-stock company. As we all know, to start any business a certain sum of money has to be invested by the owner which is known as the capital of the business in terms of accounting.

    In companies, commencement is a declaration issued by the company’s directors with the registrar stating that the subscribers of the company have paid the amount agreed. In a sole proprietorship, the business can be commenced with the introduction of any asset such as cash, stock, furniture, etc.

    Journal entry

    In the journal entry, “Started business with Cash”

    As per the golden rules of accounting, the cash a/c is debited because we bring in cash to the business, and as the rule says “debit what comes in, credit what goes out.” Whereas the capital a/c is credited because “debit all expenses and losses, credit all incomes and gains”

    As per modern rules of accounting, cash a/c is debited as cash is a current asset, and assets are debited when they increase. Whereas, on the increment on liabilities, they are credited, therefore, capital a/c is credited.

    Therefore, the entry we’ll be passing is-

     

     

     

     

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Simerpreet
SimerpreetHelpful
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  2. Vishnu_K Nil
    This answer was edited.

    Meaning of Partnership Deed A Partnership Deed is a written agreement between partners who are willing to form a Partnership Firm. It is also called as a Partnership Agreement. Contents of a Partnership Deed A Partnership Deed shall mainly include the following contents: Name of the Partnership firmRead more

    Meaning of Partnership Deed

    A Partnership Deed is a written agreement between partners who are willing to form a Partnership Firm. It is also called as a Partnership Agreement.

    Contents of a Partnership Deed

    A Partnership Deed shall mainly include the following contents:

    1. Name of the Partnership firm
    2. Address of the Partnership firm
    3. Details of all the Partners
    4. Date of commencement of the Business
    5. The amount of capital contributed by each of the partners forming the Partnership firm
    6. The Profit sharing ratio (The Business profit shared among the partners on a ratio basis)
    7. The rate or amount of Interest on Capital & the rate or amount of Interest on drawings to each partner respectively.
    8. The salary payable to each of the partners of the firm.
    9. The rights, duties, and power of each partner of the firm.
    10. The duration of the existence of the firm

    Importance of Partnership Deed

    1. Proper regulation of duties, liabilities, and rights of the partners are made in the partnership deed and hence there cannot be any issue during the course of the business.
    2. There can be no disputes between the partners upon Profit sharing, salary, commission, interest on capital, and interest on drawings.
    3. A partnership Deed acts as Legal proof for the conduct of the business and is used for many other registrations such as GST registration, and other related purposes.

     

    Format of a Partnership Deed

    The Partnership Deed shall originally be executed on an Indian Non-Judicial stamp paper.

    The format of the Partnership deed is given below with an assumption that 4 partners are forming the Partnership.

                                                                    PARTNERSHIP DEED

    This deed of partnership is made on [Date, Month, Year] between:

    1. [First Partner’s Name], [Son/Daughter] of [Mr. Father’s Name], residing at [Address Line 1, Address Line 2, City, State, Pin Code] hereinafter referred to as FIRST PARTNER.

    2. [Second Partner’s Name], [Son/Daughter] of [Mr. Father’s Name], residing at [Address Line 1, Address Line 2, City, State, Pin Code] hereinafter referred to as SECOND PARTNER.

    3. [Third Partner’s Name], [Son/Daughter] of [Mr. Father’s Name], residing at [Address Line 1, Address Line 2, City, State, Pin Code] hereinafter referred to as THIRD PARTNER.

    4. [Fourth Partner’s Name], [Son/Daughter] of [Mr. Father’s Name], residing at [Address Line 1, Address Line 2, City, State, Pin Code] hereinafter referred to as FOURTH PARTNER.

     

    Whereas, the parties hereto have agreed to commence business in partnership and it is expedient to have a written instrument of partnership. Now, this partnership deed witnesses as follows:

    1. BUSINESS ACTIVITY
    The parties hereto have mutually agreed to carry on the business of [Description of Business Activity Proposed].

    2. PLACE OF BUSINESS
    The principal place of the partnership business will be situated at [Address Line 1, Address Line 2, City, State, Pin Code]

    3. DURATION OF PARTNERSHIP
    The duration of the partnership will be at will.

    4. CAPITAL OF THE FIRM
    Initially, the capital of the firm shall be Rs. [Total Partners Contribution].

    5. PROFIT SHARING RATIO
    The profit or loss of the firm shall be shared equally among all the partners and transferred to the partner’s current account.

    6. MANAGEMENT
    The [First Partner] of the firm shall be Managing Partner and he will look after all the day-to-day transactions of the firm and any legal activities in the name of the firm and the remaining partners shall cooperate to do so.

    7. OPERATION OF BANK ACCOUNTS
    The firm shall open a current account in the name of [Partnership Firm Name] at any bank and such account shall be operated by [First Partner] and [Second Partner] jointly as declared from time to time to the Banks.

    8. BORROWING
    The written consent of all Partners will be required for the partnership to avail credit facilities from any financial institution.

    9. ACCOUNTS
    The firms shall regularly maintain in the ordinary course of business, true and correct accounts of all its transactions and also of all its assets and liabilities, the property books of account, which shall ordinarily be kept at the firm’s place of business. The accounting year shall be the financial year from 1st April onwards and the balance sheet shall be properly audited and the same shall be signed by all the Partners. Every Partner shall have access to the books and the right to verify their correctness.

    10. RETIREMENT
    If any partner shall at any time during the subsistence of the partnership, be desirous of retiring from the firm, it shall be competent from his to do so, provided he shall give at least one calendar month’s notice of his intention of doing so. The remaining partner shall pay the retiring partner or his legal representatives of the deceased partner, the purchase money of his share in the assets of the firm.

    11. DEATH OF PARTNER
    In the event of the death of any partners, one of the legal representatives of the deceased partner shall become the partner of the firm and in the event, the legal representative shows their denial to point the firm, they shall be paid part of the purchase amount calculated as on the date of the death of the partner.

    12. ARBITRATION
    Whenever there by any difference of opinion or any dispute between the partners shall refer the same to the arbitration of one person. The decision of the arbitration so nominated shall be final and binding on all partners, such arbitration proceedings shall be governed by Indian Arbitration Act, which is in force.

    In witness whereof, this deed of partnership is signed sealed, and delivered this [Day, Month, Year] at [City, State]:

    FIRST PARTNER                                            SECOND PARTNER

    [Address Line 1]                                                        [Address Line 1]
    [Address Line 2]                                                        [Address Line 2]
    [City, State, Pin Code]                                              [City, State, Pin Code]

    THIRD PARTNER                                            FOURTH PARTNER

    [Address Line 1]                                                         [Address Line 1]
    [Address Line 2]                                                        [Address Line 2]
    [City, State, Pin Code]                                              [City, State, Pin Code]

    WITNESS ONE                                                  WITNESS TWO

    [Address Line 1]                                                         [Address Line 1]
    [Address Line 2]                                                         [Address Line 2]
    [City, State, Pin Code]                                               [City, State, Pin Code]

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Atreya
AtreyaCurious
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  2. Ishika Pandey Curious ca aspirant

    Definition Not-for-profit organizations are also known as non-profit organizations set up to further cultural, educational, religious, professional, or public service objectives. Its  aim is not to earn profit Accounting done by non-profit organizations is fund based.   Type of accounting Non-pRead more

    Definition

    Not-for-profit organizations are also known as non-profit organizations set up to further cultural, educational, religious, professional, or public service objectives. Its  aim is not to earn profit

    Accounting done by non-profit organizations is fund based.

     

    Type of accounting

    Non-profit organizations do Fund Based Accounting.

    Donations received or funds set aside for specific purposes are credited to a separate fund account and are shown on the liabilities side of the balance sheet.

    The income from or donations for these funds are credited to the respective fund account. On the other hand, expenses or payments out of these funds are debited.

    Accounting when done on this basis is known as Fund Based Accounting.

    Let me explain to you with an example :

    The sports fund has a balance of Rs 100000 which is invested as a fixed deposit in a bank earning 8% interest. A further donation of Rs 10000 is received towards it. Expenses incurred towards prizes are Rs 7000; Rs 3000 towards trophies and Rs 4000 distribution of cash prizes. The accounts are shown as follows :

    Categories of funds

    In the case of non-profit organizations, funds may be classified under the following heads :

    Unrestricted fund :

    The unrestricted fund does not carry any restriction with respect to its use. In other words, management can use the amounts in the funds as it deems appropriate, but to carry out the purpose for which the organization exists.

    This is known as the general fund or the capital fund to which the surplus for the year is added and in case of deficit, deducted.

    Restricted fund :

    A restricted fund is a fund, the use of which is restricted either by the management or by the donor for a specific purpose.

    Examples of such funds are endowment funds, annuity funds, loan funds, prize funds, sports funds, etc.

    • Government grant: grant received from the government for a specific purpose is restricted to be used for the purpose it is granted. It is accounted for in the books following fund-based accounting.
      • For example, a grant received from the government for ‘the polio eradication program is credited to the polio eradication fund, and income earned relating to the fund is credited to the fund while expenses are debited.

     

    • Endowment fund: it’s a fund usually a non-profit organization, arising from a bequest or gift, the income of which is devoted to a specific purpose.

     

    • Annuity fund: an annuity fund is established when a non-profit organization receives assets from a donor with a condition to pay

     

    • Loan fund: loan fund is set up to grant loans for specific purposes say loans to pursue higher studies.

     

    • A fixed assets fund is a fund earmarked for investment in fixed assets or already invested in fixed assets.

     

    • Prize funds: it is a fund set up to use for distribution as prizes say for achievements or contributions to the welfare of society.
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Aditi
Aditi
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  2. Mehak
    This answer was edited.

    What is Inventory? Inventory refers to the stock of goods or raw materials a business uses to produce the final goods sold to the customers. What is the Inventory Turnover Ratio? Inventory Turnover Ratio is the financial ratio that shows how efficiently a business sells and replenishes its inventoryRead more

    What is Inventory?

    Inventory refers to the stock of goods or raw materials a business uses to produce the final goods sold to the customers.

    What is the Inventory Turnover Ratio?

    Inventory Turnover Ratio is the financial ratio that shows how efficiently a business sells and replenishes its inventory. It shows how well a business manages its inventory.

    Inventory Turnover ratio is calculated as follows:

    Inventory Turnover Ratio = Cost of goods sold / Average Inventory 

    where Average Inventory = (Inventory at the beginning of the year + Inventory at the end of the year) / 2

    If inventory turnover is high, it means products are selling quickly. But if it’s too high, the company might not have enough stock, leading to fewer sales.

    If turnover is low, there are slow sales or too much stock. That can lead to higher storage costs and obsolete products. It is important to find the right balance between the two.

    Why is the Cost of Goods Sold taken as a numerator instead of revenue while calculating the Inventory Turnover Ratio?

    The cost of goods sold is the sum of all the direct costs involved in the production of goods. On the other hand, Revenue is the total amount of money earned through the sale of goods and services.

    The cost of goods sold (COGS)  includes materials, labor, and overhead costs. Inventory consists of these costs and hence, it is better to take (COGS) as the numerator.

    Revenue, however, considers things like markups, discounts, and other adjustments that don’t directly relate to the actual cost of inventory.

    Let us understand it better with the help of an example:

    Suppose the opening inventory is 20,000 and the closing inventory is 10,000. Average inventory can be calculated as (20,000 + 10,000)/2 = 15,000.

    If the cost of goods sold is 45,000 the Inventory turnover ratio comes out to be 45,000/15,000 = 3.

    On the other hand, if the revenue of 60,000 is taken as the numerator, the Inventory turnover ratio comes out to be 60,000/15,000 = 4

    A high inventory turnover ratio shows that the inventory is moving faster than it is which is misleading for the stakeholders.

    Hence, the Cost of goods sold is taken as the numerator for the calculation of the Inventory turnover ratio.

     

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Vijay
VijayCurious
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Companies Act
  2. Naina@123 (B.COM and CMA-Final)
    This answer was edited.

    Simply explaining the meaning of the useful life of an asset, it is nothing but the number of years the asset would remain in the business for purpose of revenue generation, making it more simple, the amount of time an asset is expected to be functional and fit for use.  It is also called economic lRead more

    Simply explaining the meaning of the useful life of an asset, it is nothing but the number of years the asset would remain in the business for purpose of revenue generation, making it more simple, the amount of time an asset is expected to be functional and fit for use.  It is also called economic life or service life

    It is a useful concept in accounting as it is used to work out depreciation. By knowing this useful life of an asset an entity can easily analyze how to allot the initial cost of an asset across the relevant accounting period rather than doing it unfairly manner.

    How do we calculate the useful life of an asset?

    The useful life of an asset is not an accounting policy, but an accounting estimate. calculating useful life is not an exact phenomenon but an estimate that is done because it directly impacts how much an asset is to expense every year.

    Factors affecting “how long an asset is expected to be useful” depends on some stated points as below:

    1. Usage, the more the assets are used, the more quickly it will deteriorate.
    2. Whether the asset is new at the time of purchase or reused model.
    3. Change in technology.

    As per the companies act 2013, some of the useful life of assets are stated below

    To know more about the different categories of assets you can follow the given link useful life of assets.

    POINT TO BE NOTED:- There lies a huge difference in the useful life v/s the physical life of an asset. It is very important to note that amount of time an asset is used in a business is not always be same as an asset’s entire life span.

     

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