AccountingQA Latest Questions

SidharthBadlani
SidharthBadlani
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  2. Ishika Pandey Curious ca aspirant
    This answer was edited.

    Definition Gross profit is the excess of the proceeds of goods and services rendered during a period over their cost, before taking into account administration, selling, distribution, and financial expenses. When the result of this computation is negative it is referred to as gross loss Formula : ToRead more

    Definition

    Gross profit is the excess of the proceeds of goods and services rendered during a period over their cost, before taking into account administration, selling, distribution, and financial expenses.

    When the result of this computation is negative it is referred to as gross loss

    Formula :

    Total Revenues – Cost Of Goods Sold

    Net profit is defined as the excess of revenues over expenses during a particular period.

    When the result of this computation is negative it is called a net loss.

    Net profit may be shown before or after tax.

    Formula :

    Total Revenues – Expenses
    Or
    Total Revenues – Total Cost ( Implicit And Explicit Cost )

    The basic difference between gross profit and net profit is that gross profit estimates the profitability of a company whereas net profit is to show the performance of the company.

    Key points of Gross Profit

    Some of the key points of as for gross profits follows :

    • Stage of calculation: Gross Profit is calculated in the first stage of the Final Account.

    • Purpose of calculation: It is calculated to know the total profit earned during the particular accounting

    • Type of balance: Gross Profit shows the credit balance of the Trading Account.

    • Dimension: It is a narrow concept as it is a part of Net Profit.

    • Treatment: It is not treated directly in the balance sheet. It is transferred to the Profit And Loss Account.

    Key points of Net Profit

    Some of the key points of as for gross profits follows :

    • Stage of calculation: Net Profit is calculated in the second stage of the Final Account.

    • Purpose of calculation: It is calculated to know the net profit earned during the particular accounting

    • Type of balance: Net Profit shows the credit balance of the Profit And Loss Account.

    • Dimension: It is a wider concept as it includes Gross Profit.

    • Treatment: It is treated directly in the balance sheet by adding or subtracting from the capital.

    Examples

    Now let me explain to you by taking an example which is as follows :

    In a business organization there were the following data given as purchases made Rs 73000, inventory, in the beginning, was Rs 10000, direct expenses made were Rs 7000, closing inventory which was Rs 5000, revenue from operation during the period was Rs 100000.
    Then,
    COST OF GOODS SOLD = Purchases + Opening Inventory + Direct Expenses – Closing Inventory.
    = Rs ( 73000 + 10000+ 7000- 5000)
    = Rs 85000

    GROSS PROFIT = REVENUE – COST OF GOODS SOLD
    = Rs ( 100000 – 85000 )
    = Rs 15000

    Now from the above question keeping the gross profit same if the indirect expenses of the organization are Rs 2000 and the other income is Rs 1000.
    Then,

    NET PROFIT = GROSS PROFIT – INDIRECT EXPENSES + OTHER INCOMES
    = Rs ( 15000 – 2000 + 1000)
    = Rs 14000

    Conclusion

    So here I conclude that gross profit is the difference between revenues from sales and/or services rendered and its direct cost.

    Whereas net profit is after the deduction of total expenses from the total revenues of the enterprise.

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Aadil
AadilCurious
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  2. Mehak
    This answer was edited.

    To understand why we do not record self-generated goodwill in accounting, let us first understand what goodwill is and its accounting treatment. What is Goodwill? Goodwill is an intangible asset of a business.  It represents the reputation and brand value of a business built over time. It is a valueRead more

    To understand why we do not record self-generated goodwill in accounting, let us first understand what goodwill is and its accounting treatment.

    What is Goodwill?

    Goodwill is an intangible asset of a business.  It represents the reputation and brand value of a business built over time. It is a value over and above the tangible assets of the business.

    Goodwill often arises when a business purchases another business and pays a premium, which means a price higher than the fair value of the business.

    Characteristics of Goodwill

    Goodwill has the following characteristics:

    1. It is an Intangible asset, meaning it has no physical existence and cannot be seen or touched.
    2. It is generally recognized during transactions in mergers and acquisitions.
    3. It is the value attributed to the brand value and reputation of the business.
    4. It adds value to a business beyond its tangible assets.

    Example of Goodwill

    Let us take an example to understand the concept of goodwill better.

    Suppose there is a company ABC Ltd. It is planning to acquire XYZ Ltd. The fair value of the assets of XYZ is calculated to be 600,000. However, ABC has agreed to pay a sum of 650,000 to acquire the company. This difference of 50,000 is goodwill.

    Impact on Financial Statements

    Goodwill is shown under the assets side of the Balance Sheet.

    What is self-generated goodwill?

    Self-generated goodwill in simple words means the positive reputation or trust that a business earns over time through their own hard work and decisions. It’s not something bought or inherited but something built from scratch internally, like a brand’s reputation, loyal customers, strong relationships, or unique ideas.

    For example, a small business that goes the extra mile to offer great customer service or always delivers high-quality products over the years will naturally build goodwill.

    It is also known as internally generated goodwill.

    Why do we not record sef-generated goodwill?

    Self-generated goodwill is not recorded in the financial statements because of the following reasons:

    1. Measurement may not be reliable: The measurement of self-generated goodwill is majorly based on the judgment of the managers. It is based on the value creation because of a good reputation or consumer base of the business, which might not be measured accurately.
    2. Conservatism principle: As per the conservatism principle, a business shall not overstate its assets or liabilities. However, self-generated goodwill might be overstated.
    3. Lack of market transaction: There is a lack of a market transaction that ensures verification of the value of goodwill as in the case of purchased goodwill.
    4. Manipulation: There are higher chances of manipulation of financial statements through self-generated goodwill.

    Conclusion

    On a concluding note, self-generated goodwill is something that adds real value to a business, but it’s not something that can easily be measured or captured in financial statements. Accounting is all about providing clear, reliable information, and including goodwill would make things murky and open to manipulation. Even though it doesn’t show up on the books, you can still see its effects in a company’s reputation and success. Maybe in the future, businesses will find a way to highlight it better, but for now, leaving it out helps keep financial reports honest and straightforward.

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Bonnie
BonnieCurious
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Balance SheetCalls in Advance
  2. Radha M.Com, NET
    This answer was edited.

    Let us begin with a short explanation of what Calls-in-Advance is: Whenever a company accepts money from its shareholders for calls not yet made, then we call it calls-in-advance. To put it in even simpler terms, it is the amount not yet called up by the company but paid by the shareholder. An imporRead more

    Let us begin with a short explanation of what Calls-in-Advance is:

    Whenever a company accepts money from its shareholders for calls not yet made, then we call it calls-in-advance. To put it in even simpler terms, it is the amount not yet called up by the company but paid by the shareholder. An important thing to note here is that a company can accept calls-in-advance from its shareholders only when authorized by its Articles of Association.

    Calls-in-advance is treated as the company’s liability because it has received the money in advance, which has not yet become due. Till the amount becomes due, it will be treated as a current liability of the company.

    The journal entry for recording calls-in-advance is as follows:

    The money received from the shareholder is an asset for the company and therefore Bank A/c is debited with the amount received as calls-in-advance. The calls-in-advance A/c is credited because it is a liability for the company.

    Since Calls-in-Advance is a liability, it is shown in the Equities and Liabilities part of the Balance Sheet under the head Current Liabilities and sub-head Other Current Liabilities.

    For better understanding, we will take an example,

    ABC Ltd. made the first call of 3 per share on its 10,00,000 equity shares on 1st May. Max, a shareholder, holding 5,000 shares paid the final call amount 2 along with the first call money. Now let me show the journal entry to record calls-in-advance.

    In the Balance Sheet, I will show calls-in-advance in the following manner,

    The calls-in-advance of 10,000 is shown under the Equities and Liabilities side of the balance sheet under the head current liabilities and sub-head other current liabilities. It will be shown as a liability till the final call money becomes due. The amount received by the company from Max is shown on the Assets side of the balance sheet under head current assets and under the sub-head cash and cash equivalents.

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Simerpreet
SimerpreetHelpful
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  2. Karan B.com and Pursuing ACCA
    This answer was edited.

    Software is not depreciated but amortized, as it is an intangible asset. As per companies act the useful life of software is 3 years. The treatment of depreciation is the same as computers. Following are the software depreciation rates as per the companies act: As of 2021 Nature of Asset Useful LifeRead more

    Software is not depreciated but amortized, as it is an intangible asset. As per companies act the useful life of software is 3 years. The treatment of depreciation is the same as computers. Following are the software depreciation rates as per the companies act:

    As of 2021

    Nature of Asset Useful Life Depreciation
    WDV SLM
    Servers and networks 6 years 39.30% 15.83%
    End-user devices such as desktops, laptops, etc. 3 years 63.16% 31.67%

    For example, XYZ Ltd purchased a new accounting software on 1 October for Rs.50,000. As per the Companies Act, the useful life of software is 3 years. Hence, the software will be amortized for 3 years and the company amortizes on the straight-line method.

    Amortization amount = 50,000*31.67%

    For full year = Rs.15,835

    As the software was purchased on 1 October hence it will be amortized for 6 months.

    For 6 months = 15,835*6/12

    = Rs.7,917.50

    Amortization is the same as depreciation. Hence, treatment will also be the same. The amortization amount will be transferred to the Profit & Loss A/c on the debit side as a non-cash expense.

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Naina@123
Naina@123
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  2. prashant06 B.com, CMA pursuing

    A cash discount is a discount allowed to customers when they make payments for the items they purchased. This type of discount is generally based on time. The early the payment is made by the debtors, the more discount they earn. To be more precise cash discount is given to simulate or encourage earRead more

    A cash discount is a discount allowed to customers when they make payments for the items they purchased. This type of discount is generally based on time. The early the payment is made by the debtors, the more discount they earn. To be more precise cash discount is given to simulate or encourage early payment by the debtors.

    Trade discount is a discount allowed by traders on the list price of the goods to the customer at specified rate. Unlike cash discount, trade discount is based on number of sale i.e, more the sale more the discount earned. This is mainly given on bulk orders by the customers.

    To understand trade discount and cash discount let me give you simple example

    Mr. X purchased goods from Mr. Y of list price Rs 10,000. Mr. Y allowed a 10% discount to Mr.X on the list price for purchasing goods in bulk quantity. Further, he was provided with cash discount of Rs 500 for making an immediate payment. Therefore the entry for the above transaction in the books of Mr. X would be

    Purchase A/c                                                        ……Dr 9,000
               To Cash A/c 8,500
               To Discount received 500
    (Being goods purchased from Mr. Y worth Rs. 10,000@ 10% trade discount and cash discount of Rs. 500)
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Manvi
Manvi
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  2. AbhishekBatabyal Helpful Pursuing CA, BCOM (HONS)
    This answer was edited.

    As the name suggests, unrecorded liabilities means the liabilities that a firm fails to record in its book of accounts. Usually, a firm gets to know about its unrecorded liabilities when it is about to get dissolved. What happens is that upon hearing that a firm is going to dissolve in near future,Read more

    As the name suggests, unrecorded liabilities means the liabilities that a firm fails to record in its book of accounts.

    Usually, a firm gets to know about its unrecorded liabilities when it is about to get dissolved. What happens is that upon hearing that a firm is going to dissolve in near future, its creditors and lenders report to the firm about their dues.

    At that time, a firm may get to know that it had failed to record some liabilities in its books and it has settled them now.

    We know that when a partnership firm is dissolved, a realisation account is created to which all the assets and liabilities of the firm are transferred.  Entries are as given below:

    Realisation A/c     Dr.      ₹ Amt

    To Assets A/c                  ₹ Amt

    ( Asset transferred to realisation account)

    Liabilities A/c    Dr.        ₹ Amt

    To Realisation A/c       ₹ Amt

    (Liabilities transferred to realisation account)

    Hence, for transferring unrecorded liabilities, the procedure is the same for the recorded liabilities:

    Unrecorded Liabilities A/c        Dr.     ₹ Amt

    To Realisation A/c                               ₹ Amt

    ( Unrecorded liabilities transferred to realisation account)

    Then to pay off the unrecorded liability the entry is:

    Realisation A/c     Dr.    ₹ Amt

    To Cash / Bank A/c       ₹ Amt

    (Unrecorded liabilities paid off)

    That’s it, I hope I was able to make you understand.

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Ayushi
AyushiCurious
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  2. Rahul_Jose Aspiring CA currently doing Bcom
    This answer was edited.

    When a manager provides services to a company, he is expected to receive some kind of compensation. This is given in the form of managerial remuneration. Section 197 of the Companies Act allows a maximum remuneration of 11% of the net profit of the company to the directors, managing directors and whRead more

    When a manager provides services to a company, he is expected to receive some kind of compensation. This is given in the form of managerial remuneration. Section 197 of the Companies Act allows a maximum remuneration of 11% of the net profit of the company to the directors, managing directors and whole-time directors etc. This section is applicable for public companies and not private companies

    Yes, a company can pay managerial remuneration in case of inadequacy of profits or losses, provided they follow the condition in Schedule V of the Companies Act 2013.

    Conditions

    In order to pay remuneration while the company is at a loss, it has to comply with the following:

    • Pass a resolution at the board meeting
    • The company has not defaulted in payments to any Banks, non-convertible debenture holders or any secured creditors. But in case of default, the company has obtained prior approval from such creditors or banks before obtaining approval from their general meeting.
    • Ordinary resolution or special resolution (if the limit is exceeded)

    The limit mentioned above refers to the maximum limit of Rs 60 lakhs when the effective capital is negative or less than Rs 5 Crore. Such remuneration can also only be paid if such a manager does not have any interest in the company and also possesses special knowledge and expertise along with a graduate-level qualification.

    Effective capital is the aggregate of paid-up share capital, share premium, reserves and surplus, long term loans and deposits and after subtracting Investments, accumulated losses and preliminary expenses not written off.

    Percentage of Remuneration

    When the Company earns adequate profits, they are allowed to provide remuneration up to a certain per cent. The percentage of remuneration depends on whether the directors are working whole-time or part-time according to the Companies Act.

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Simerpreet
SimerpreetHelpful
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  2. AbhishekBatabyal Helpful Pursuing CA, BCOM (HONS)
    This answer was edited.

    A balance sheet is a financial statement that reports the position or value of assets, liabilities and equity at a particular date, which is usually the closing date of a financial year. Formats of balance sheet A balance sheet may be presented in two formats: T-form or Horizontal format This formatRead more

    A balance sheet is a financial statement that reports the position or value of assets, liabilities and equity at a particular date, which is usually the closing date of a financial year.

    Formats of balance sheet

    A balance sheet may be presented in two formats:

    T-form or Horizontal format

    This format is the same as the format of ledger accounts. There are two columns with the headings ‘Liabilities’ for the left column and ‘Assets’ for the right column and columns adjacent to both columns for amounts. The liabilities and equity (capital) are shown on the liabilities side because they both have credit balance and assets are shown on the asset side. Most of the non-corporates prepare their balance as per this format. The T-form balance sheet looks as given below:

    Vertical format

    The vertical format of the balance sheet is mostly prepared by corporate entities. Here, the liabilities and assets are shown in the same column as compared to two separate columns in the horizontal format. This results in having a longer shape. Hence, it is called a ‘vertical’ balance sheet. Generally, companies prepare their balance sheet as per this format.

    Also, many times, there are two columns for the amount in this format presenting the amount of both the current year and the previous year. This format looks like as given below:

    Grouping and marshalling

    Beside the structure of the balance sheet i.e. horizontal and vertical, the grouping and marshalling of the items inside the balance sheet are also very important.

    Grouping refers to the presenting of similar items under a heading or group. This is done in order to present the balance sheet in a concise manner. This is very important to do. For example, a business can have numerous creditors, but they are all presented under one ‘Creditors’ heading or two or more heading specifying different types of creditors.

    The assets of a business are grouped under the heading such as Plant, Property and equipment, Current assets, Non-current investments etc.

    Marshalling means the arranging of items as per a particular order. We know that a balance sheet consists of many items and to make the statement more useful and easy to comprehend, the items are arranged in one of the following orders:

    • Order of Liquidity: The items which are more liquid i.e which can be easily converted into cash are kept at the top. Like in assets, cash is the most liquid asset and requires no conversion. Then items like current investment, inventories (in case of fast-moving goods) are placed under and so on. At the near bottom, items that require a long time of conversion into cash are placed such as land, plant and machinery.

    In case of liabilities, the items which are due for repayment soon are kept at the top, like bank overdraft etc. The items which are due for repayment after a long time or at the time of winding capital are kept at the bottom, like long term loans and capital funds. Given below is a format of horizontal balance sheet in which the items are marshalled in order of liquidity:

    • Order of permanence: This type of arrangement is just the opposite of the order of liquidity. Here the items which are least liquid are placed at the top and the more liquid items are placed at the bottom. Like in the case of assets, cash appears at the bottom and non-current assets at the top. On the liabilities side, equity and non-current liabilities are at the top while current liabilities are at the bottom. Mostly all balance sheets are marshalled in order of permanence.
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Bonnie
BonnieCurious
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Debited to P&L A/C Credited to P&L A/C Debited to Capital A/C None

  2. GautamSaxena Curious .
    This answer was edited.

    Interest on Drawings  Interest on drawings is debited to the capital account. As Interest on drawings is charged on the drawings made by partners/proprietors from their respective capital accounts in a partnership firm or proprietary concern. Drawings refer to the amount withdrawn by an owner or parRead more

    Interest on Drawings 

    Interest on drawings is debited to the capital account.

    As Interest on drawings is charged on the drawings made by partners/proprietors from their respective capital accounts in a partnership firm or proprietary concern.

    Drawings refer to the amount withdrawn by an owner or partner for his personal use. Thereby, interest on drawings is an income of a firm payable by the owner hence, it’s deducted/debited.

    The Profit and Loss Account, on the other hand, shows the income and expenses of a business incurred over an accounting period. Accounts like interest on drawings and capital are not shown in the P&L a/c because they are internal transactions and P&L a/c focuses only on the financial statement that summarizes the revenues, costs, and expenses incurred during a specified period.

     

    Partners’ Capital A/c

     

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Bonnie
BonnieCurious
In: >

  2. GautamSaxena Curious .

    Capitalize in Accounting The term 'capitalized' in accounting means to record an expenditure as an asset on the balance sheet. Capitalization takes place when a business buys an asset that has a useful life. The cost of the relevant asset is then allocated to expense over its useful life i.e charginRead more

    Capitalize in Accounting

    The term ‘capitalized’ in accounting means to record an expenditure as an asset on the balance sheet. Capitalization takes place when a business buys an asset that has a useful life. The cost of the relevant asset is then allocated to expense over its useful life i.e charging depreciation, etc. This means that the relevant expenditure will appear on the balance sheet instead of the income statement. The capitalizing of the expenses is a benefit for the company as the assets bought by them for the long-term are subjected to depreciation and capitalizing expenses can amortize or depreciate the costs. This process is called capitalization.

    In order to capitalize any expense, we’ll have to make sure it meets the criteria stated below.

    The assets exceeding the capitalization limit

    The companies set a capitalization limit, below which the expenses are considered too immaterial to be capitalized. Therefore, the limit is supposed to be followed and considered as it controls the capitalization of the expenses. Generally, the capitalization limit is $1,000.

    The assets have a useful life 

    The companies also seek to generate revenues for a long period of time. Thus, the asset should have a long and useful life at least a year or more. Thereby, the business can record it as an asset and depreciate it over its valuable life.

    Most of the important principles of capitalization in accounting are from the matching principle.

     

    Matching Principle

    The matching principle states that the expenses in the accounting should be recorded when they are incurred and not when the payment is made. This helps the business identify the amounts spent to generate revenue.

    For e.g, the company bought machinery for manufacturing goods with more efficiency. It is supposed to have a useful life for a period of over 10 years. Instead of expensing the entire cost of the machinery, the company will write off (depreciated) the cost of the asset over its useful life i.e 10 years. Therefore, the asset will be written off as it is used and these types of assets are automatically used as capitalized assets.

     

    Benefits of Capitalization

    Capitalization is of course recording expenses as an asset but this indeed has benefits.

    • This reduces the fluctuation of income over time as the fixed assets (long-term) are costly. For the small business owners or the small firms, it’s even greater.
    • The capitalization of expenditures increases the company’s asset balance, without changing the company’s liability balance. This improves the financial ratios like the current ratio.
    •  Small businesses have a provision for tax benefits related to the depreciation of capitalized assets. Section 179 of depreciation allows those business owners to depreciate certain assets quicker than others are allowed.

     

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