AccountingQA Latest Questions

Astha
AsthaLeader
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  2. PriyanshiGupta Graduated, B.Com
    This answer was edited.

    The value of inventory at the end of the financial year or balance sheet date is called closing stock. Closing stock includes: Raw Material Work-in-Progress Finished Goods Example: If the value of raw material is Rs 10,000, value of WIP is Rs 5,000 and value of Finished Goods is Rs 15,000 then valueRead more

    The value of inventory at the end of the financial year or balance sheet date is called closing stock. Closing stock includes:

    • Raw Material
    • Work-in-Progress
    • Finished Goods

    Example:

    If the value of raw material is Rs 10,000, value of WIP is Rs 5,000 and value of Finished Goods is Rs 15,000 then value of Closing Stock will be Rs (10,000 + 5,000 + 15,000) = Rs 30,000

    Adjustment entries are done on the accrual basis of accounting, that is, income is recorded when earned and not received and expenses are recorded when incurred and not paid. Adjustment entries are usually made before or after the preparation of the trial balance at the end of the accounting period.

    If the entries are made after the preparation of the trial balance, then two adjustment entries are recorded while preparing Trading and Profit & Loss A/c.

    Since closing stock is an item outside the trial balance, the double-entry would be:

    The journal entry

    Closing Stock A/c  (Dr.) Amt
    To Trading and Profit & Loss A/c Amt
    • Trading and Profit & Loss A/c is credited because it is of profit to the company and hence will be shown on the credit side.
    • Closing Stock is debited as an asset for the company and it will be recorded for the first time in accounting books, hence, will be debited.

    The second adjustment would be to show closing stock on the balance sheet and since the closing stock is an asset it is shown under the head Current Assets.  

    In case where adjustment for Closing Stock is to be done before preparation of Trial Balance, then it will be shown on the credit side of the Trial Balance, since it is an asset for the company and will have a credit brought down balance as shown in the image.

    Later, while preparing Balance Sheet, Closing Stock will be shown on the Asset side of the Balance Sheet.

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A_Team
A_Team
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  2. AbhishekBatabyal Helpful Pursuing CA, BCOM (HONS)
    This answer was edited.

    Journal entry for goods purchased by cheque The journal entry for goods purchased by cheque is as follows: In this journal entry, purchase account and bank account are involved. The explanation is given below. Explanation Purchase Whenever there is a purchase of goods, the purchase account is debiteRead more

    Journal entry for goods purchased by cheque

    The journal entry for goods purchased by cheque is as follows:

    In this journal entry, purchase account and bank account are involved. The explanation is given below.

    Explanation

    Purchase

    Whenever there is a purchase of goods, the purchase account is debited.

    Goods refer to the items which an enterprise manufactures or purchases and sells to generate its business revenue.

    If there is a purchase of any other item which does not satisfy the above definition of goods, then the purchase account is not involved.

    For example, if stationery is purchased and the enterprise does not trade in stationery items, then the purchase account will not appear in the journal entry.

    Payment by cheque

    Payment by cheque means the payment amount will be deducted from the bank account balance. Hence, in the given journal entry, the bank account is involved.

    The logic behind the debit and credit

    The golden rules of accounting

    Purchase is an expense hence it is a nominal account. The golden rule for nominal accounts is “Debit all expense and loss and credit all incomes and gains”

    Hence, the purchase account is debited.

    Bank is a real account and the golden rule of accounting for real accounts is, “Debit what comes in, credit what goes out”.

    Hence, the bank account is credited as money is going out of the bank.

    Modern rules of accounting

    Purchase is an expense account, and expenses are debited when increased and credited when decreased.

    Hence, the purchase account is debited here.

    A bank account is an asset account. Asset accounts are debited in case of an increase and credited in case of a decrease. Hence, the bank account is credited here.

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Sandy
Sandy
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InterestInterest Received in AdvanceJournal Entry
  2. Nistha Pursuing B.COM H (B&F) and CMA
    This answer was edited.

    Classified under advance income, Interest received in advance is unearned income that pertains to the following accounting period but is received in the current period. Such interest is not related to the current accounting period and the related benefits for such income are yet to be provided. HencRead more

    Classified under advance income, Interest received in advance is unearned income that pertains to the following accounting period but is received in the current period. Such interest is not related to the current accounting period and the related benefits for such income are yet to be provided. Hence, it is a liability for the concern.

    The treatment of such advance interest is based on the Accrual concept of accounting.

    The journal entry for interest received in advance is:

    Now suppose, a firm Star shine receives interest on loan of 5,00,000 @ 7% p.a. extended to another firm. In the current accounting period, Star shine receives 50,000 as interest, excess being advance for the following year. Then the following journal entries should be passed:

       

    Cash received in form of interest is debited (Debit what comes in) and interest account is credited because of an increase in interest income (credit all incomes and gains).

    Interest account is debited because we have to decrease the interest income since 15,000 relates to the next accounting year. Interest received in advance is credited because such interest of 15,000 is not yet earned and is a liability for the concern.

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Naina@123
Naina@123
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  2. prashant06 B.com, CMA pursuing
    This answer was edited.

    First, let us understand the meaning of a provision of depreciation. It is nothing but the total collection of all the depreciation over the years. This account is not like a normal account but a contra asset account. It is also called accumulated depreciation. Annual depreciation charged is an expeRead more

    First, let us understand the meaning of a provision of depreciation. It is nothing but the total collection of all the depreciation over the years. This account is not like a normal account but a contra asset account. It is also called accumulated depreciation.

    Annual depreciation charged is an expense for the business and hence has a debit balance. Whereas provision for depreciation as a contra asset account has a credit balance.

    The journal entry for provision for depreciation is

    Depreciation A/c                                                      ……….Dr XXX
               To Provision for depreciation XXX

    Explaining the credit nature of this account. As we know that the depreciation is an expense for the business hence as per modern rules “Debit all the expenses and losses and credit all incomes and gains” therefore it is debited whereas the provision of depreciation is contra account it has a credit balance as it reduces the value of assets. So according to modern rule, we know a decrease in assets has a credit balance, hence shown in a negative balance on the balance sheet under long-term assets.

    With the preparation of this account, we do not credit depreciation in the asset account but transfer every year to the accumulated depreciation account, and when assets are disposed of or sold we credit the ‘total’ of the provision on depreciation to the credit of the asset account just to calculate the actual profit or loss on a sale of the asset.

     

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Astha
AsthaLeader
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  2. Ayushi Curious Pursuing CA
    This answer was edited.

    The receipt of cash is recorded by debiting the cash account to the account from which the cash is received. This source account may be the sales account, account receivable account or any other account from which cash is received. The journal entry is: An entity may receive cash in the following evRead more

    The receipt of cash is recorded by debiting the cash account to the account from which the cash is received. This source account may be the sales account, account receivable account or any other account from which cash is received.

    The journal entry is:

    An entity may receive cash in the following events:

    • Sales of goods or provision of services
    • Payment from account receivables
    • Sale of assets.
    • Withdrawal of cash from the bank
    • Introduction of additional capital in the business
    • Subscription or donation received in case of non-profit oriented concerns.
    • Other income in cash

    This list is not exhaustive. There may be many such events. However, the cash account will be always debited.

    Rules of accounting applicable on the cash account

    As per the golden rules of accounting, the cash account is a real account as represents an asset. For real accounts, the rule, “Debit the receiver and credit the giver” applies.

    Hence, when cash is received, cash is debited and the source (giver) is credited.

    As per modern rules of accounting, the cash account is an asset account. Assets accounts are debited when increased and credited when decreased.

    Hence, at receipt of cash, cash is debited as cash is increased.

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Aadil
AadilCurious
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  2. ShreyaSharma none
    This answer was edited.

    Drawings of goods The drawings of the goods, in a business, take place when the owner/partner of a business withdraws goods for their personal use. It's hence called drawings as it reduces the capital invested by the owner(s). It's also called the withdrawal account. The drawings are generally madeRead more

    Drawings of goods

    The drawings of the goods, in a business, take place when the owner/partner of a business withdraws goods for their personal use. It’s hence called drawings as it reduces the capital invested by the owner(s). It’s also called the withdrawal account.

    The drawings are generally made for cash or stock by the owner/partner and the relevant account is thus reduced causing the adjustment done on the owner/partner’s capital at the cost price.

     

    Journal entry

    The journal entry for the goods withdrawn for personal use will be as follows:

     

    Explanation via rules

    The drawings account is debited because it decreases the balance of the capital account. Whereas, the purchases account is credited as it causes a reduction in the purchases account.

    As per the modern rules of accounting, we credit the decrease in assets, thus, the purchases account is credited. Whereas, the withdrawal account when increased is debited. Therefore, the drawing account is debited here.

    As per the golden rules of accounting, “debit what comes in and credit what goes out.” Hence, the purchase account is credited. And, “if any expense or loss is incurred for the business, the expense or loss account shall be debited“. Thus, the drawing account is debited.

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Bonnie
BonnieCurious
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Calls in AdvanceJournal Entry
  2. Manvi Pursuing ACCA
    This answer was edited.

    Journal Entry for Calls in Advance  Calls in advance mean excess money received by the company than what has been called up. Calls in advance are treated as Current Liability and shown in the Balance Sheet on the liability side. Journal Entry will be : Here we will "Debit" Bank A/c as it will increaRead more

    Journal Entry for Calls in Advance 

    Calls in advance mean excess money received by the company than what has been called up. Calls in advance are treated as Current Liability and shown in the Balance Sheet on the liability side.

    Journal Entry will be :

    Here we will “Debit” Bank A/c as it will increase assets of the company and “Credit” Calls in Advance A/c because it will increase the company’s current liabilties.

    For Example:

    Mr.Z shareholder of ABC Ltd was allotted 2,000 equity shares of Rs.10 each. He paid call money at the time of allotment.

    On Application Rs 5
    On Allotment Rs 2
    On First and final call Rs 3

     

    Journal Entry is as follows:

    Here, the company received an excess amount of Rs.6,000 (2,000*3) from a shareholder Mr.Z who paid the call money in advance. ABC Ltd will record this under Calls in Advance A/c. While passing journal entry ABC Ltd will debit its Bank A/c by Rs.6,000 and credit calls in advance account by Rs.6,000.

    When share calls are called up, calls received in advance are adjusted. The company will hold only the required amount which will make allotted shares fully paid.

    Once the amount is transferred to relevant call accounts, calls in advance account will be written off.

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Vijay
VijayCurious
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  2. Radha M.Com, NET
    This answer was edited.

    The entry for a loan (taken for any purpose) and a car loan are quite different. When you take a bank loan, you'll receive the money from the bank and subsequently, you'll start paying interest on it. In the case of a car loan, you don't receive the money from the bank. Once the car has been purchasRead more

    The entry for a loan (taken for any purpose) and a car loan are quite different. When you take a bank loan, you’ll receive the money from the bank and subsequently, you’ll start paying interest on it.

    In the case of a car loan, you don’t receive the money from the bank. Once the car has been purchased you’ll make the down payment and the remaining amount will be paid by the bank on your behalf. This car loan should then be paid to the bank in installments.

    The following journal entry is posted to record the car loan taken for office use:

    Car A/c is debited as there is an increase in the asset. Bank A/c is credited as the down payment for the car is made which reduces the assets. Car Loan A/c is credited as it increases liability.

    The following entry is recorded for the repayment of the loan (first installment) to the bank.

    Let me explain this with an example,

    Kumar purchased a car for 25,00,000 for his office use. He made a down payment of 2,00,000 and took a car loan from HDFC Bank for 23,00,000. The following entry will be made to record this transaction.

    Car A/c  25,00,000
       To Bank A/c    2,00,000
       To Car Loan A/c  23,00,000
    (Being car purchased through a loan from HDFC bank)

     

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Aadil
AadilCurious
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  2. Ayushi Curious Pursuing CA

    When it is said that furniture is purchased for office use, it means it is an asset for the business and the journal entry for this event will be the following: Furniture A/c Dr. Amt To Cash/Bank / Vendor A/c Cr. Amt (Being furniture purchased for office use) Explanation of the journal as per the goRead more

    When it is said that furniture is purchased for office use, it means it is an asset for the business and the journal entry for this event will be the following:

    Furniture A/c Dr. Amt
    To Cash/Bank / Vendor A/c Cr. Amt
    (Being furniture purchased for office use)

    Explanation of the journal as per the golden rules of accounting

    The furniture account is a real account because it represents a material asset and the golden rule for real accounts is “Debit what comes in, credit what goes out”. Hence, the furniture account is debited as it is increased. The cash and bank are also real accounts and they are debited because there is an outflow from cash or bank.

    If the furniture is purchased on credit then the vendor account is credited. A vendor account represents a person and the golden rule for personal accounts is, “Debit the receiver, credit the giver”. It is credited as the furniture is given by the vendor.

    Explanation of journal as per modern rules of accounting

    The furniture account is an asset account hence it is debited as asset accounts are debited on increase. Cash and bank accounts are also assets accounts and they are credited as they are decreased on the purchase of furniture.

    A vendor account is a liability account as there is an obligation to pay the vendor. It is credited as it is increased. Liability accounts are credited on the increase and vice versa.

    When furniture is purchased for personal use

    If the furniture is purchased for personal use and the payment is made or is to be made out of business, then the asset will not be recognised as an asset for the business and it will be recorded as a drawing. It will be deducted out of capital. The journal entry will be the following:

    Capital  A/c Dr. Amt
    To Drawings A/c Cr. Amt
    (Being furniture purchased for personal use)

     

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Bonnie
BonnieCurious
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  2. Akash Kumar AK
    This answer was edited.

    Debts are of two types one is Good Debt, and another one is Bad debt. Bad Debts The amount which is not recoverable from the debtors is called Bad debt.  It is an uncollectable amount from the organization's customers due to the customer's inability to pay the amount of money taken on credit.  Read more

    Debts are of two types one is Good Debt, and another one is Bad debt.

    Bad Debts

    The amount which is not recoverable from the debtors is called Bad debt.  It is an uncollectable amount from the organization’s customers due to the customer’s inability to pay the amount of money taken on credit.

     

    Example 1

    Mr A borrowed $100 from Mr B for his college fee and agrees to pay in 2 months. After the time period is complete Mr A failed to repay the borrowed amount. This is a  Bad Debt for Mr B.

    Example 2

    XYZ Co. had made a credit sale of $50,000. A debtor who has to pay $1000 has been bankrupted. XYZ co. cannot recover the amount from the Debtor, so it records the irrecoverable amount as a bad debt.

     

    Journal Entry

    In this entry, “Bad debts are written off of Rs. 2000.”

    Bad debt is the amount not recoverable from debtors, which is a loss for the organization.

    Modern Rule

    The Modern rules of accounting for Expenses are “Debit the increase in expenses and Credit the decrease in expenses.”

     

    Golden Rule

    The Golden rules of accounting for expenses and losses are “Debit all expenses and losses, Credit all incomes and gains.”

    Bad Debts A/c Dr. 2,000

    To Debtor’s A/c 2000

     

    Bad debt is treated as a loss for the organization. As per the rule, this should be debited to the profit and loss account.

    Profit and Loss A/c Dr. – 2000

    To Bad Debts A/c – 2000

     

    Instead of passing two separate entries for writing off, we can combine the entries and pass one entry.

    Profit and Loss A/c Dr. 2000

    To Debtor’s A/c 2000

     

    Recovery of Bad debts

    Recovery of Bad debt is the amount received for a debt that was written off in the past. It was considered uncollectable.

    When we write off bad debt, it is recorded as a loss, but the recovery of bad debts is treated as an income for the business.

    It is treated as an income and the recovery of bad debt is shown on the credit side of the Income statement.

     

     

     

    Journal Entry for Recovery of Bad debts

    Bank/Cash A/c Dr. – Amount

    To Bad Debts Recovered A/c – Amount

    Rules applied in the Journal entry are as per the Golden rules of accounting,

    “Cash/Bank A/C” is a real account therefore debit what comes in and credit what goes out.

    “Bad Debts Recovered A/C” is a nominal account therefore debit all expenses and losses, and credit all incomes and gains.

     

    Treatment of “Bad Debt written off of Rs.2ooo.”

    In Trial Balance: No effect

    In Income Statement: It is shown on the debit side as Rs.2000 (loss)

    In Balance Sheet: Rs.2000 shall be deducted from the sundry debtor account.

     

     

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