AccountingQA Latest Questions

Ayushi
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  2. AbhishekBatabyal Helpful Pursuing CA, BCOM (HONS)
    This answer was edited.

    Introduction First, we should know what Earnings per share is. Earnings per share or EPS is the earnings available to each equity share of a company. The general formula of Earning per share is as follows: Earnings per share indicate the profit-generating capability of an enterprise and potential inRead more

    Introduction

    First, we should know what Earnings per share is.

    Earnings per share or EPS is the earnings available to each equity share of a company. The general formula of Earning per share is as follows:

    Earnings per share indicate the profit-generating capability of an enterprise and potential investors often compare the EPS of different companies to choose the best investment alternative.

    It is shown at the bottom of the Statement of profit and loss of a company.

    Basic Earnings per share

    As per AS-20, there are two types of EPS.

    • Basic EPS
    • Diluted EPS

    Basic Earnings per share has the same meaning as given above. But the formula of basic earnings per share as per AS-20 is as follows:

    The formula of basic earnings per share is slightly different from the general formula of EPS. Here the numerator is the same as discussed above. But the denominator is different.

    Here it is ‘Weight average number of equity shares outstanding’ instead of ‘Total number of equity shares outstanding.

    The two components of the formula are discussed below:

    Meaning of earnings available to equity shareholders

    The earnings or net profit which remains after deduction of interest payable, preference dividend, if any, and tax is known as earnings available to equity shareholders. It is calculated as shown below:

    Weighted average number of equity shares outstanding

    The weighted average will be calculated by applying the weight of the time period for which the numbers of shares were outstanding. Let’s see a simple case to understand the calculation of the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding:

    Solution:

    Alternative way:

    The calculation of the weighted average number of equity shares is different in special cases like:

    • party paid-up shares
    • bonus shares and
    • right issue shares

    Partly paid-up shares

    Partly paid-up shares are not considered in the above calculation unless they are eligible to take part in dividends. In that case, such partly paid-up shares are included in the calculation as fractional shares.

    For example, 300 equity shares of Rs. 10 each and Rs. 5 paid up will be considered as 150 shares. (300 x 5/10)

    Bonus shares

    We know bonus shares are issued at no cost to the shareholders. Issue of bonus shares leads to an increase in the number of equity shares without an increase in the resources.

    AS-20 tells us to make adjustments to the number of shares outstanding before the issue of bonus shares as if the bonus shares were issued at the beginning of the earliest reported period. The effect will be retrospective.

    Take the following example:

    Here, number of bonus shares = 30,000 x 2 = 60,000

    Therefore, EPS for 2012 = 60,00,000 /(30,000 + 60,000)= Rs.  6.67

    As the earliest report period is 2011, its EPS will also have to be adjusted. Bonus issue will be treated as if it had occurred at the beginning of the earliest reported period.

    Adjusted EPS for 2011= 18,00,000 / (30,000 + 60,000) = Rs.  20

    Right issue

    The right issue generally has an exercise price that is less than the fair value of the shares. Hence, we can say that the right issue has an element of bonus in them.

    So, just like in the case of a bonus issue, we will have to adjust the number of shares outstanding before the right issue up to the earliest reported period by an adjustment factor.

    The number of shares outstanding before the right issue is to be multiplied by the adjustment factor given below:

    Theoretical ex-right value per share is calculated in the following way:

    Let’s see an example:

    Net profit for 2011     Rs. 11,00,000
    Net profit for 2012     Rs. 15,00,000
    No. of shares outstanding prior to rights issue   5,00,000 shares
    Rights issue price                                                       Rs. 15
    Last date to exercise rights                                    1st March 2012

    The right issue is one new share for every 5 shares outstanding (i.e. 1,00,000 new shares)

    The fair value of shares immediately prior to 1st March 2012 = Rs. 21

    Solution:

     

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Aditi
Aditi
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  2. Mehak
    This answer was edited.

    To understand the accounting treatment of fixed assets under IFRS let us first understand what fixed assets are. What are Fixed Assets? Fixed assets are the assets that are purchased for long-term use by a business and not for resale. Some examples of fixed assets are land, buildings, machinery, furRead more

    To understand the accounting treatment of fixed assets under IFRS let us first understand what fixed assets are.

    What are Fixed Assets?

    Fixed assets are the assets that are purchased for long-term use by a business and not for resale. Some examples of fixed assets are land, buildings, machinery, furniture and fixtures, etc.

    Fixed assets are essential for the smooth operations of the business. It often shows the value of the business. The value of fixed assets usually decreases with time, obsolescence, damage, etc.

    As per IAS-16 Property, Plant and Equipment, an asset is identified as a fixed asset if it satisfies the following conditions:

    • the future economic benefits associated with the asset will probably flow to the entity, and
    • the cost of the asset can be measured reliably.

    What is IFRS?

    IFRS stands for International Financial Reporting Standards. It provides a set of standards to be followed globally by all companies to ensure transparency, comparability, and consistency.

    What is the accounting treatment of fixed assets under IFRS?

    Under IFRS, the first step is to measure the value of the fixed assets on cost. The cost of the fixed assets includes the following:

    1. purchase price
    2. any direct cost related to the asset (such as transportation, installation, etc.)
    3. duties/taxes

    After this step, the entity may choose any one of the following two primary methods:

    1. Cost Model: According to this model the value is first recognized on a cost basis. This includes the purchase price and direct costs attributable to the asset. Subsequently, depreciation is calculated on the cost of the asset. Depreciation spreads the cost of an asset over its useful life. Impairment checks are conducted to ensure the asset’s value on the books doesn’t exceed what it’s worth.

    For example, a company bought a piece of machinery for 60,000. 5,000 were spent on its installation. It has a useful life of 10 years. The machinery would be depreciated over its useful life of 10 years based on its cost which is 65,000.

    2. Revaluation model: As per this model, the fixed assets are valued on their fair value, as on the revaluation date. The amount of depreciation and impairment losses is subtracted from the fair value.

    If the value of an asset increases, the gain goes to equity (revaluation surplus) unless it can be set off with a past loss recorded in profit or loss.
    On the other hand, if the value decreases, the loss goes to profit or loss unless it offsets a past surplus in equity.

    For example, a building was purchased for 100,000. On the revaluation date, the fair value of this building was 150,000. Hence, there is a revaluation surplus of 50,000 which shall be credited to the revaluation surplus account.

    Impact on Financial Statements

    Fixed assets are shown on the Assets side of the Balance Sheet.

    Conclusion

    From the above discussion, it may be concluded that:

    • Fixed assets are the assets that are purchased for long-term use by a business and not for resale.
    • Some examples of fixed assets are land, buildings, machinery, furniture and fixtures, etc.
    • IFRS provides a set of standards to be followed globally by all companies to ensure transparency, comparability, and consistency.
    • Under IFRS, the first step is to measure the value of the fixed assets on cost.
    • After this step, the entity may choose any one of the two primary methods which are cost model and the revaluation model.
    • Fixed assets are shown on the Assets side of the Balance Sheet.

     

     

     

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Aditi
Aditi
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  2. Mehak

    To understand the difference in Revenue recognition under IFRS and GAAP , it is important to understand what are IFRS and GAAP. Both of these are accounting standards accepted globally.  These are discussed below: What is IFRS? IFRS is a set of accounting standards developed by the International AccRead more

    To understand the difference in Revenue recognition under IFRS and GAAP , it is important to understand what are IFRS and GAAP. Both of these are accounting standards accepted globally.  These are discussed below:

    What is IFRS?

    IFRS is a set of accounting standards developed by the International Accounting Standards Board. These standards are globally accepted accounting standards.

    They were developed and implemented with the objective of providing a consistent, transparent and reliable framework for the presentation and reporting of financial statements.

    IFRS ensure uniformity and this helps in comparability of financial statements across the companies of different countries.

    Some examples of IFRS Standards are : IFRS 2 – Share based payments, IFRS 9 – Financial Instruments, IFRS 16 – Leases, etc.

    What is GAAP?

    GAAP stands for Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. GAAP is primarily used in the USA. These are a set of accounting principles, rules and procedures which are crucial for providing consistency and transparency in the presentation and reporting of financial statements.

    Some examples of GAAP Standards are: ASC 606: Revenue Recognition, ASC 842: Leases, ASC 740: Income Taxes, etc.

    Difference in Revenue Recognition under IFRS and GAAP

    Though both of these standards have the main goal of promoting consistency and uniformity, there are certain differences in the Revenue Recognition under IFRS and GAAP.

    This is because of the fact that the nature of IFRS and GAAP is different as IFRS is more principle- based and GAAP is rule based.

     

     

     

     

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A_Team
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  2. Manvi Pursuing ACCA
    This answer was edited.

    International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is a not-for-profit, public interest organization. The main objective of the IFRS Foundation is to raise the standard of financial reporting and bring about global harmonization of accounting standards. IFRS was established to develop high-quality,Read more

    International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is a not-for-profit, public interest organization. The main objective of the IFRS Foundation is to raise the standard of financial reporting and bring about global harmonization of accounting standards.

    IFRS was established to develop high-quality, understandable, enforceable, and generally accepted accounting standards. International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) develops IFRS. There are currently 16 IFRSs in issue.

    Benefits of IFRS Standards:

    1. It brings transparency by international comparability and quality of financial information.
    2. It strengthens accountability by reducing the information gap between providers and users of the capital.
    3. It contributes to economic efficiency by improving capital allocation and, helps investors in identifying opportunities and risks across the world.

     

    Following are the uses of IFRS:

    1. As national requirements.
    2. As the basis for all or some national requirements.
    3. As an international benchmark for those countries which develop their own requirements.
    4. By regulatory authorities for domestic and foreign companies.
    5. By companies themselves.

     

    Challenges faced by companies if IFRS is not implemented:

    1. The financial statements will differ for the companies who have offices worldwide and use only national accounting standards.
    2. Increased complexity while preparing financial statements.
    3. Difficulty in comparing and verifying financial statements.
    4. Accounting of transactions will differ from country to country if IFRS is not implemented.
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Jayesh Gupta
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  2. AbhishekBatabyal Helpful Pursuing CA, BCOM (HONS)
    This answer was edited.

    As per AS-10 ( Revised ): Property, Plant and Equipment, depreciation on an asset should begin when the asset is in the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner as intended by the management. This means a firm should start charging depreciation when the assetRead more

    As per AS-10 ( Revised ): Property, Plant and Equipment, depreciation on an asset should begin when the asset is in the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner as intended by the management.

    This means a firm should start charging depreciation when the asset is ready to be used as per the management’s desire.

    Let’s take an example to understand this clearly:

    A business bought a drinking water cooler for its office use on 1st April 2021. Now, this water cooler needs to be installed and wiped with Isopropyl Alcohol before it can be put to use.

    The business completed all the required procedures by 1st May 2021, but it opened the machine for office use from 1st August 2021.

    So the question arises, from when to start charging depreciation?

    • 1st April 2021 – The date of Purchase
    • 1st May 2021- The date when the machine was ready to use.
    • 1st August 2021 –The date from which the machine was put to use.

    The answer is 1st May 2021– The date when the machine was ready to use.

    It doesn’t matter whether the company started the use of an asset or not. Once an asset is in

    • the location and condition
    • necessary for it to be capable of operating
    • as intended by the management,

    the depreciation should begin.

     

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Ayushi
AyushiCurious
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  2. AbhishekBatabyal Helpful Pursuing CA, BCOM (HONS)
    This answer was edited.

    AS-11: The effects of changes in foreign exchange rates deal with the issues in the translation of foreign currency transactions and foreign operations. Foreign operations of a reporting enterprise mean its subsidiary, associate, joint venture or branch which is based or conducted in a country otherRead more

    AS-11: The effects of changes in foreign exchange rates deal with the issues in the translation of foreign currency transactions and foreign operations.

    Foreign operations of a reporting enterprise mean its subsidiary, associate, joint venture or branch which is based or conducted in a country other than the country of the reporting entity

    For simple understanding let’s consider foreign operation as a branch of a business that is based in a foreign country.

    Foreign Integral operations

    So, integral foreign operations will be a dependent branch that works on the directions of the head office and it is like an extension of the business. The head office consigns goods to it and it sells them and remits cash and reports to the head office.

    It is dependent on head office for receiving goods to sell and to cover its expenses.

    Further, the difference in foreign exchange rate affects the present and future cash flows to the head office.

    Foreign Non-Integral operations

    A non-integral foreign operation will be like an independent branch that can operate without the aid of the head office. Apart from selling goods of the head office, it also buys goods from the local market and sells them.

    Also, it covers its expenses on its own. It doesn’t remit the cash from sales regularly like a dependent branch. It is like acts an investment of the main business.

    The difference in the foreign exchange rate has little or no effect on the present or future cash flows of the head office

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A_Team
A_Team
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  2. AbhishekBatabyal Helpful Pursuing CA, BCOM (HONS)
    This answer was edited.

    IND AS 102: ‘Share-based payments’ in its actual text is considerably lengthy and very detailed. The objective of my answer is to provide a basic understanding of what IND AS 102 is all about. Further reading of the actual text is suggested for a more detailed understanding. IND AS 102 is the IndiaRead more

    IND AS 102: ‘Share-based payments’ in its actual text is considerably lengthy and very detailed.

    The objective of my answer is to provide a basic understanding of what IND AS 102 is all about. Further reading of the actual text is suggested for a more detailed understanding.

    IND AS 102 is the India specific version of IFRS 2 which deals with the accounting of Share-based payments. IND AS 102 and IFRS are almost similar.

    It deals with the financial reporting of the share-based payment transactions entered into by an enterprise in the following cases:

    1. Transactions with suppliers of goods or services that are settled by share-based payments.
    2. Transactions with employees of the enterprise in nature of Employee Stock Option Plan.

    Share-based payments are of three types:

    • Equity settled share-based payment: It is a transaction in which an entity receives goods or services from the supplier of those goods and services (including an employee) and settles it by issuing equity instruments of the entity or its parent entity.

     Example: A business acquires an asset for Rs. 1,00,000 and makes payment by the issue of its equity shares.

    • Cash settled share-based payment: It is a transaction in which an entity incurs a liability and settles the transaction by paying cash or other assets based on the price of the equity instruments of the entity or group’s entity.

    Example: A business acquires an asset for Rs. 1,00,000 and makes payment in amounts of case based upon its share price.

     

    • Share-based payment transaction with cash alternatives:- In this case,  either the entity or the counterparty has the option of settling the transaction either through with issue of equity or payment of cash by incurring liability.

     

    Things that are not under the scope of IND AS-102

    • Transactions with parties who are acting in the capacity of shareholders.
    • Where a business acquires net assets of a business in case of amalgamation, joint venture etc and issues shares as consideration.

    Recognition

    In a share-based transaction,

    • goods and services are to be recognised when the goods or services are received by the entity.
    • Also, the corresponding increase in equity in equity-settled transactions or liability in the cash-settled transactions is to be recognised.

    Measurement

    The amount at a share-based transaction is to be recorded depending upon the type of counterparty:

    1. Non-employee counter-party: The transaction will be measured based on the fair value of the goods or services received on the date when the goods or services are received.
    2. Employee counter-party: The transaction is to be recorded at the fair value of the equity instruments as on the grant date because the services rendered by the employee cannot be recorded reliably.

    I hope this is enough for a basic understanding of the IND AS 102.

     

     

     

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A_Team
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a) Current Liability b) As an appropriation of profits c) Either a or b d) None of the above

  2. AbhishekBatabyal Helpful Pursuing CA, BCOM (HONS)

    The correct option is (d) None of these. AS-3(Revised) deals with the preparation and presentation of cash flow statements. A cash flow statement is a statement that summarises the movement of cash and cash equivalents of an enterprise in an accounting year. It helps the stakeholder to know: the amoRead more

    The correct option is (d) None of these.

    AS-3(Revised) deals with the preparation and presentation of cash flow statements. A cash flow statement is a statement that summarises the movement of cash and cash equivalents of an enterprise in an accounting year. It helps the stakeholder to know:

    • the amount of cash generated by operating activities,
    • amount of cash invested in various assets or sale of assets,
    • the types of finance source utilised by an enterprise and
    • the net cash flow of the business.

    Provision for depreciation is actually a charge on profit, i.e. it will be deducted even if there is loss. Also, there is nothing mentioned in the AS-3(revised) from which we can consider the provision for tax as an appropriation of profit.

    Generally, the cash flow statement is prepared as per the ‘indirect method’ by most enterprises.

    As per the indirect method, the computation starts from Net Profit before tax and extraordinary items. To calculate this, we have to take the current year’s profit and add the current year’s provision for tax to it.

    The reason behind it is that we need to obtain the cash flow from operations and the provision for tax is a non-cash item that has reduced the net profit. So, we have to add it back to the current year’s profit.

     

    Option (A) Current Liabilities is wrong.

    Though the provision for tax is classified as a current liabilities in the balance sheet, it is not considered as a current liability when making adjustments for changes in working capital while preparing cash flow statement.

     Option (B) as appropriation of profit is wrong.

    An appropriation of profit is an item for which an amount is put aside when there is profit. For example, transfer to reserves. But the provision for tax is a charge on profit.

    Option (C) either (A) or (B) is also wrong because both the options are incorrect as discussed above.

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AbhishekBatabyal
AbhishekBatabyalHelpful
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  2. Ayushi Curious Pursuing CA
    This answer was edited.

    Before answering the question let’s understand what a government grant is. Meaning of government grants Government grants are the assistance provided by the government in cash or kind to any enterprise for any past or future compliance. This assistance can be subsidies, cash incentives, duty drawbacRead more

    Before answering the question let’s understand what a government grant is.

    Meaning of government grants

    Government grants are the assistance provided by the government in cash or kind to any enterprise for any past or future compliance. This assistance can be subsidies, cash incentives, duty drawback, or assets provided at concessional rate or at no cost etc.

    These grants when provided have some rules and conditions attached to them. If such conditions are not fulfilled or rules are violated, the grant becomes refundable to the government.

    Treatment

    AS-12 ‘Government Grant’ provides two approaches  for the treatment of government grants in the books of accounts of an enterprise:

    • Income approach: Under this approach, the grant is treated as income and taken to profit and loss A/c in one or more accounting periods.

    For example, X Ltd purchase an asset for ₹ 10,00,000 and the government provided a grant of ₹2,00,000 to X Ltd. The useful life of the asset is 4 years and the residual value is nil.

    Now there are two methods to treat this grant as income.

    Method – 1:  The grant amount will be deducted from the asset’s value. This will result in a decreased amount of depreciation. This is an indirect way to recognize government grants as income.

    The journal entries are as follows: (Method-1)

    The journal entries for the 3rd and the 4th years will be the same as of 2nd year.

    In absence of a government grant, the annual depreciation would have been ₹2,50,000 (₹10,00,000 / 4). Hence, due to the grant, the profit will be 50,000 more for the 4 consecutive accounting years.

    Method – 2: The grant amount is credited to a special account called the ‘deferred government grant’ account. Over the useful life of the asset, the grant will be credited to the profit and loss account in equal instalments. This is a direct way to recognize government grants as income.

    The journal entries are as follows: (Method-2)

    The journal entries for the 3rd and the 4th years will be the same as of 2nd year.

    • Capital approach: Under this approach, the grant is treated as part of the shareholders’ funds (as capital reserve)

    When any grant is given is in nature of promoter’s contribution i.e. as a percentage of total investment to be done by an enterprise, and then such grant received from government will be treated as part of shareholder’s funds.

    The grant amount will be transferred to the capital reserve account and it will be treated neither as deferred income nor to be distributed as a dividend.

    Example: ABC Ltd has set up its business in a designated backward area which entitles the company to receive from the government a subsidy of 20% of total investment. ABC Ltd fulfilled all the conditions associated with the scheme and received ₹20 crores toward its total investment of ₹100 crores.

    This ₹20 crore will be transferred to the capital reserve account.

    Special case: If the grant is received in relation to a non-depreciable asset like land, then the entire amount of the grant will be recognized in the profit and loss account in the same year.

    Treatment of non-monetary government grant

    When a government grant is in the form of non-monetary assets like land or other resources at a concessional rate, then the assets are to be recognised at their acquisition cost.

    If the assets are acquired at no cost, then they are to be recorded at their nominal value.

    For example, if an enterprise receives land for free as a government grant, then it has to record the land at cost based on prevailing market rates.

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Simerpreet
SimerpreetHelpful
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  2. AbhishekBatabyal Helpful Pursuing CA, BCOM (HONS)

    Introduction Ind AS 110 stands for Indian Accounting Standard 110. It deals with principles of preparation and presentation of consolidated financial statements when an entity controls one or more other entities. It is often seen that an entity owns and controls one or more entities. Like a parent cRead more

    Introduction

    Ind AS 110 stands for Indian Accounting Standard 110. It deals with principles of preparation and presentation of consolidated financial statements when an entity controls one or more other entities.

    It is often seen that an entity owns and controls one or more entities. Like a parent company have many subsidiaries. For example, Alphabet is the parent company of Google. The parent and its subsidiaries prepare their financial statements separately to present to the true and fair view of their business.

    Consolidated financial statements are the financial statements of the whole group i.e. taking the parent and its subsidiaries together. It reports the assets, liabilities, equity, income and expenses of the whole group as a single economic entity.

    It helps the stakeholders to know the overall performance and positions of assets and liabilities of the whole group.

    When to prepare Consolidated Financial Statements(CFS)

    The requirement for the preparation of CFS depends on the control model provided by Ind AS 110. As per this model, an investor controls an investee when:

    • the investor is exposed to or has rights to, variable returns from its involvement with the investee and
    • it has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the investee.

    If both the conditions are fulfilled, then it can be said that the investor controls the investee and the investor has to prepare the consolidated financial statements with its investee. Every type of investor-investee relationship is judged as per Ind AS 110.

    Exposure or right to variable returns

    Variable returns mean no fixed returns and can vary as per the performance of the investee. Such returns can be both positive and negative.  These returns include not only return on investment but also the benefits or expenses to which the investor is entitled to or has to bear respectively. Such returns are:

    1. Dividends
    2. Changes in the value of the investee.
    3. Fee for servicing investee’s assets and liabilities
    4. Tax benefits
    5. Access to proprietary knowledge
    6. Sourcing scare products
    7. Goodwill generation

    It is not required by Ind AS 110 for an investor to be exposed or have the right to all such variable returns, but there should be significant exposure or right.

    Power to affect the variable returns from investee

    An investor has power over an investee if it has existing rights that give it direct ability to affect the relevant activities of the investee

    An investor generally has many rights over the investee. These rights are of two types:

    1. Protective Rights: These are the rights to protect the self-interest of the investor from any risk arising from investment in the investee. Such right only protects the investor but it does not give him power over the investee. Hence, with protective rights, an investor cannot control the investee.
    2. Substantive Rights: These are rights with which an investor can have power over the investee. Such rights are generally the voting rights that are derived from the holding equity shares. Also having potential voting rights which are significant enough to control the investee qualify as substantive rights.

    However, the investor may other substantive rights like power to appoint or remove the board of directors etc.

    These rights should not only exist with investors but the investor should also have the ability to exercise such rights.

    Scope of Ind AS 110

    The investee can be any type of entity, the structure of the investee does not matter whether it is a partnership firm, LLP, company or any Special Purpose Entity (SPE).

    If any investor control one or more other entities it will be called parent entity and it will present the consolidated financial statements.

    Exemptions

    If any parent entity fulfils any of these conditions, then the presentation of consolidated financial statements is not necessary:

    • It is an investment entity.
    • Its debt or equity securities are not listed on any recognized stock exchange or any other public market.
    • It is a wholly-owned or partially owned subsidiary of another entity and all of its owners have been informed about and do not have any objections to the parent not preparing the consolidated financial statements.
    • Its ultimate or any intermediate parent entity has prepared consolidated financial statements for the whole group.
    • It did not file or is in process of filing its financial statement with the concerned securities commission or any other regulatory body for issuing its securities in the public market.
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