Biological Assets comes under International Accounting Standard IAS 41 Agriculture. IAS 41 Agriculture is the first standard that specifically covers the primary sector. The scope of IAS 41 is accounting for agricultural activity. Agricultural Activity- It is the management of biological transformatRead more
Biological Assets comes under International Accounting Standard IAS 41 Agriculture.
IAS 41 Agriculture is the first standard that specifically covers the primary sector. The scope of IAS 41 is accounting for agricultural activity.
- Agricultural Activity- It is the management of biological transformation by an entity and measuring the change in the quality and quantity of biological assets.
- Biological Transformation- It comprises the process of growth, degeneration, production and procreation that cause qualitative or quantitative changes in a biological asset
- Biological Asset – They are living plants or animals owned by an entity
- Agricultural Produce- It is the harvested / detached product of the entity’s biological asset.
IAS 41 does not apply to
- Agricultural land
- Intangible assets related to agricultural activity
- Products that are the result of processing after the point of harvest, for example, yarn, carpet, rubber, wine, etc
- The land on which the biological assets grow, regenerate, degenerate.
Biological Assets
Definition
Biological assets are living plants or animals that go through biological transformation, owned by an entity to prepare agricultural produce for the purpose of agricultural activities only.
Living plants include plants that are consumable within 1 year and are harvested. It also includes plants that are used for lumbering and wood-cutting activities.
Examples
Examples of biological assets are:
Sheep, pigs, poultry, beef cattle, fish, dairy cows, plants for harvest etc
Importance
- Farming: They are key to agriculture and food production.
- Income: They generate substantial income for businesses in industries such as vineyards, livestock, silviculture, etc.
- Sustainability: Properly managing them helps the environment.
Accounting & Presentation
Recognition
Under IAS 41 biological assets are recognised when
- The business must have ownership over them from a past event.
- The future economic benefits are expected to flow to the business from their ownership.
- The cost or fair value of the asset can be measured reliably.
Agricultural produce is recognised
- It is recognised at the point of harvest or detachment.
Agricultural produce is derecognised when
- They enter the trading.
- Enters the production process.
Measurement
- Biological assets are measured on initial recognition and at each balance sheet date at their fair value less costs to sell.
- Costs to sell are incremental costs incurred in selling the asset.
- Agricultural produce is measured at the point of harvest, at fair value less costs to sell at the point of harvest.
- Agricultural produce after the point of harvest/ detachment is transferred and treated under the IAS 2 Inventory
Gains & Losses
- Gains and losses arising from the initial recognition of biological assets are reported in the statement of profit and loss.
- The change in fair value less costs to sell of a biological asset between balance sheet dates is reported as gain or loss in the statement of profit and loss.
- A gain or loss arising on initial recognition of agricultural produce at fair value less selling costs is included in profit or loss for the period in which it arises.
Treatment
- The sale of agricultural produce is treated as revenue in the statement of profit and loss.
- Agricultural produce to be harvested for more than 12 months, livestock to be held for more than 12 months and trees cultivated for lumber are recorded as Biological assets under the Non-current assets head in the balance sheet.
- Agricultural produce to be harvested within 12 months, livestock to be slaughtered within 12 months and annual crops like wheat, and maize are recorded as Biological assets under the head Current assets in the balance sheet.
- Inventories produced from agricultural produce are presented as Inventory under the head Current assets in the balance sheet.
Everyone must have heard about the term “cooking the books”. This term is generally associated with Creative accounting. In simple words, Creative accounting is a method of accounting in which the management tries to show a better picture of the business than the reality. Let us now understand thisRead more
Everyone must have heard about the term “cooking the books”. This term is generally associated with Creative accounting. In simple words, Creative accounting is a method of accounting in which the management tries to show a better picture of the business than the reality. Let us now understand this concept in detail.
What is Creative accounting?
Creative accounting is a method of accounting in which the management manipulates the books of accounts by finding loopholes to showcase a better image of the business.
It is a practice of using accounting loopholes to make a company’s financial position look better than it really is. It is not exactly illegal but it is more of a gray area.
For example, a business may delay reporting expenses to increase the profits to present a better short-term position.
The goal of creative accounting is to impress the shareholders, investors, get loans or boost stock prices.
However, this can also be very risky and have serious consequences. It can reduce the trust of the investors and customers. In some cases, like Enron and WorldCom the world has seen how creative accounting lead to legal consequences.
Common Techniques of Creative Accounting
Some of the common techniques used by the business to manipulate the financial position are as follows:
Ethical implications of Creative Accounting
There are several ethical implications with respect to creative accounting. Some of these are discussed below:
Conclusion
The key takeaways from the above discussion are as follows:
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