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Jasmeet_Sethi
Jasmeet_SethiCurious
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Depletion Amortization Depression

  2. Simerpreet Helpful CMA Inter qualified
    This answer was edited.

    The correct option is 2. Amortization. Depreciation in spirit is similar to Amortization because both depreciation and amortization have the same characteristics except that depreciation is used for tangible assets and amortization for intangible assets. To make it clear, intangible assets are thoseRead more

    The correct option is 2. Amortization.

    Depreciation in spirit is similar to Amortization because both depreciation and amortization have the same characteristics except that depreciation is used for tangible assets and amortization for intangible assets.

    To make it clear, intangible assets are those assets that cannot be touched i.e. they are not physically present. For example, goodwill, patent, trademark, etc. Hence, these assets are amortized over their useful life and not depreciated.

    Example for Amortizing intangible assets: A manufacturing company buys a patent for Rs 80,000 for 8 years. Assuming that the residual value of the patent after 8 years to be zero.

    The depreciation to be written off will be

    Yearly Depreciation = Cost of the patent – Residual value / Expected life of the asset.

    = 80,000 – 0 / 8

    = Rs 10,000 every year.

    Whereas, tangible assets are those assets that can be touched i.e. they are physically present. For example, building, plant & machinery, furniture, etc. Hence, these assets are depreciated over their useful life and not amortized.

    Example of Depreciating tangible asset:  A manufacturing company bought machinery for Rs 8,10,000 and its estimated life is 8 years, scrap value being Rs 10,000.

    The depreciation to be written off will be

    Yearly Depreciation = Cost of machinery – Scrap value / Expected life of the asset.

    = 8,10,000 – 10,000 / 8

    = 8,00,000 / 8

    = Rs 1,00,000 every year.

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Astha
AsthaLeader
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  2. Simerpreet Helpful CMA Inter qualified
    This answer was edited.

    Journal Entry for Interest on Drawings is- Particulars Amount Amount Drawings A/c                                                      Dr $$$      To Interest on Drawings A/c $$$ So as per the modern approach: From the point of view of business, Interest on Drawings is an Income. When there is an inRead more

    Journal Entry for Interest on Drawings is-

    Particulars Amount Amount
    Drawings A/c                                                      Dr $$$
         To Interest on Drawings A/c $$$

    So as per the modern approach: From the point of view of business, Interest on Drawings is an Income.

    • When there is an increase in the Income, it is credited.
    • When there is a decrease in the Income, it is debited.

     

    From the point of view of the proprietor, Interest on Drawings is a Liability.

    So as per the modern approach:

    • When there is an increase in the Liability, it is credited.
    • When there is a decrease in the Liability, it is debited.

     

    So as per the modern approach,  Interest on Drawings is credited because with Interest the income increases for the business. Whereas,  the amount of such interest is a loss from the point of view of the owner/ Proprietor, as such the amount of drawings is increased by the amount of interest and hence the Drawings account is debited.

    For Example, Harry charged interest on drawings on Rs 10,000 @ 12% for one year.

    Explanation:

    Step 1: To identify the account heads.

    In this transaction, two accounts are involved, i.e. Drawings A/c and Interest on Drawings A/c.

    Step 2: To Classify the account heads.

    According to the modern approach: From the point of view of business,  Interest on Drawings is a Revenue A/c and Drawings A/c is an Expense A/c.

    Step 3: Application of Rules for Debit and Credit:

    According to the modern approach: As Revenue increases because of interest on drawings received by the business, Interest on Drawings A/c will be Credited. (Rule – increase in Revenue is credited).

    Drawings A/c is an expense account for the business and as expense increases, Drawings A/c will be debited. (Rule – increase in the expenses is debited).

    So from the above explanation, the Journal Entry will be-

    Particulars Amount Amount
    Drawings A/c                                                      Dr 1,200
         To Interest on Drawings A/c 1,200

     

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Jayesh Gupta
Jayesh GuptaCurious
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If someone can tell me the complete accounting with the percentage that would be great.

  2. AbhishekBatabyal Helpful Pursuing CA, BCOM (HONS)
    This answer was edited.

    I am assuming that you are asking the question with reference to the sole proprietorship business. In the case of a company, the rates as per the Companies Act, 2013 will apply. A sole proprietor can charge the depreciation in its books of accounts at whatever rate it wants but it should not be moreRead more

    I am assuming that you are asking the question with reference to the sole proprietorship business. In the case of a company, the rates as per the Companies Act, 2013 will apply. A sole proprietor can charge the depreciation in its books of accounts at whatever rate it wants but it should not be more than the rates prescribed in the Income Tax Act, 1961.

    It is a general practice to take depreciation rate lower than the Income Tax Act, 1961, so that the financial statements look good because of slightly higher profit. There is no harm in it as it is a sole proprietor.

    The Income Tax Act, 1961 has prescribed rates at which depreciation is to be given on different blocks of assets. For motor vehicles, the rates are as follows:

    Particulars Rates (WDV)
    1 Motor buses, motor Lorries and motor taxis used in a business of running them on hire. 30%
    2 Motor buses, motor lorries and motor taxis used in a business of running them on hire, acquired on or after the 23rd day of August 2019 but before the 1st day of April 2020 and is put to use before the 1st day of April 2020. 45%
    3 Commercial vehicles to use in business other than running them on hire. 40%

    Let’s take an example to understand the accounting treatment:-So a business can choose to charge depreciation at rates slightly lower than the above rates.

    Mr A purchased a lorry for ₹1,00,000 on 1st April 2021 for his business, to be used for transportation of the finished goods. Now, Mr A decided to charge depreciation on the WDV method @30% (prescribed rate is 40%).

    Following will be the journal entries.

    I hope I was able to answer your question.

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Radha
Radha
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Interest on investmentTrial Balance
  2. Rahul_Jose Aspiring CA currently doing Bcom
    This answer was edited.

    Interest on Investment is to be shown on the Credit side of a Trial Balance. Interest on investment refers to the income received on investment in securities. These securities can be shares, debentures etc. of another company. When one invests in securities, they are expected to receive a return onRead more

    Interest on Investment is to be shown on the Credit side of a Trial Balance.

    Interest on investment refers to the income received on investment in securities. These securities can be shares, debentures etc. of another company. When one invests in securities, they are expected to receive a return on investment (ROI).

    Since interest on investment is an income, it is shown on the credit side of the Trial Balance. This is based on the accounting rule that all increase in incomes are credited and all increase in expenses are debited. A Trial Balance is a worksheet where the balances of all assets, expenses and drawings are shown on the debit side while the balances of all liabilities, incomes and capital are shown on the credit side.

    For example, if Jack bought Corporate Bonds of Amazon, worth $50,000 with a 10% interest on investment, then the accounting treatment for interest on investment would be

    Cash/Bank A/C Dr     5,000
    To Interest on Investment in Corporate Bonds (Amazon) 5,000

    As per the above entry, since interest on investment is credited, it will show a credit balance and hence be shown on the credit side of the Trial Balance. Interest on investment account is not to be confused with an Investment account. Investment is an asset whereas interest on investment is an income.

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Ayushi
AyushiCurious
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  2. Pooja_Parikh Aspiring Chartered Accountant
    This answer was edited.

    The major affairs of the company are handled by the manager and hence he is entitled to receive some compensation for his efforts. This is termed Managerial Remuneration. The manager has to bring out the maximum potential of the employees while ensuring that the interests of the shareholders and othRead more

    The major affairs of the company are handled by the manager and hence he is entitled to receive some compensation for his efforts. This is termed Managerial Remuneration. The manager has to bring out the maximum potential of the employees while ensuring that the interests of the shareholders and other stakeholders are secured.

    MAXIMUM REMUNERATION

    As per section 197 of the Companies Act, the Company has certain limits on paying maximum remuneration, depending on whether he is working full-time or part-time. If the company has only one whole-time manager, he is entitled to a maximum remuneration of 5% of net profits. If there is more than one whole time manager, then the percentage increases to 10%.

    For part-time directors, the remuneration allowed is 1% of net profits (if there is a whole-time director present) and if no whole-time manager is present, then remuneration for a part-time director is 3%.

    Therefore, a company can only pay a maximum remuneration of 11% of net profits.

    A public company is allowed to pay remuneration in excess of 11% by :

    • Passing a special resolution approved by the shareholders
    • Subject to compliance with Schedule V conditions

    Remuneration can be paid to such managers who do not have any direct interest in the company and also possesses special knowledge and expertise along with a graduate-level qualification.

    PENALTY

    Any person who fails to comply with the provisions of managerial remuneration shall be punishable with a fine that can vary from Rs. 1 Lakh to a maximum of Rs. 5 Lakhs.

    However, Sec 197 applies to only public companies and hence private companies are free to pay managerial remuneration with no upper limit.

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Bonnie
BonnieCurious
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  2. Rahul_Jose Aspiring CA currently doing Bcom
    This answer was edited.

    A balance sheet of a company is a financial statement that depicts the assets, liabilities and shareholders’ equity of the company at a point of time, usually at the end of the accounting year. A balance sheet of a company is reported in a vertical format which is different from that of a partnershiRead more

    A balance sheet of a company is a financial statement that depicts the assets, liabilities and shareholders’ equity of the company at a point of time, usually at the end of the accounting year. A balance sheet of a company is reported in a vertical format which is different from that of a partnership where the horizontal format is used.

    COMPONENTS OF A BALANCE SHEET

    The three main components of a balance sheet are Assets, Liabilities and Shareholders’ equity.

    • Assets: They are divided into two main categories that are current assets and non-current assets. If an asset is expected to be realised within 12 months or is primarily held for being traded, or is cash or cash equivalent, then those assets are termed as current assets. All assets that are not current assets are grouped under non-current assets. They are normally realised after 12 months.
    • Liabilities: They are categorised as current liabilities and non-current liabilities. If the amount owed by the company to an outside party is due to be settled in 12 months, then it can be termed as a current liability. The rest of the liabilities are referred to as non-current liability.
    • Shareholders’ Equity: This is the money owed to the owners of the company, that is shareholders. It is also called net assets since it is equal to the difference between total assets and total liabilities. Their main categories are Shareholders’ Capital and Reserves and Surplus.

    FORMAT OF BALANCE SHEET

    As per the Companies Act 2013, the following format should be used for preparing a balance sheet.

    From the above Balance sheet, we should get:

    Assets = Liabilities + Shareholders’ Equity

    Relevant notes for each component should also be prepared when necessary.

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Ayushi
AyushiCurious
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  2. AbhishekBatabyal Helpful Pursuing CA, BCOM (HONS)
    This answer was edited.

    Introduction First, we should know what Earnings per share is. Earnings per share or EPS is the earnings available to each equity share of a company. The general formula of Earning per share is as follows: Earnings per share indicate the profit-generating capability of an enterprise and potential inRead more

    Introduction

    First, we should know what Earnings per share is.

    Earnings per share or EPS is the earnings available to each equity share of a company. The general formula of Earning per share is as follows:

    Earnings per share indicate the profit-generating capability of an enterprise and potential investors often compare the EPS of different companies to choose the best investment alternative.

    It is shown at the bottom of the Statement of profit and loss of a company.

    Basic Earnings per share

    As per AS-20, there are two types of EPS.

    • Basic EPS
    • Diluted EPS

    Basic Earnings per share has the same meaning as given above. But the formula of basic earnings per share as per AS-20 is as follows:

    The formula of basic earnings per share is slightly different from the general formula of EPS. Here the numerator is the same as discussed above. But the denominator is different.

    Here it is ‘Weight average number of equity shares outstanding’ instead of ‘Total number of equity shares outstanding.

    The two components of the formula are discussed below:

    Meaning of earnings available to equity shareholders

    The earnings or net profit which remains after deduction of interest payable, preference dividend, if any, and tax is known as earnings available to equity shareholders. It is calculated as shown below:

    Weighted average number of equity shares outstanding

    The weighted average will be calculated by applying the weight of the time period for which the numbers of shares were outstanding. Let’s see a simple case to understand the calculation of the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding:

    Solution:

    Alternative way:

    The calculation of the weighted average number of equity shares is different in special cases like:

    • party paid-up shares
    • bonus shares and
    • right issue shares

    Partly paid-up shares

    Partly paid-up shares are not considered in the above calculation unless they are eligible to take part in dividends. In that case, such partly paid-up shares are included in the calculation as fractional shares.

    For example, 300 equity shares of Rs. 10 each and Rs. 5 paid up will be considered as 150 shares. (300 x 5/10)

    Bonus shares

    We know bonus shares are issued at no cost to the shareholders. Issue of bonus shares leads to an increase in the number of equity shares without an increase in the resources.

    AS-20 tells us to make adjustments to the number of shares outstanding before the issue of bonus shares as if the bonus shares were issued at the beginning of the earliest reported period. The effect will be retrospective.

    Take the following example:

    Here, number of bonus shares = 30,000 x 2 = 60,000

    Therefore, EPS for 2012 = 60,00,000 /(30,000 + 60,000)= Rs.  6.67

    As the earliest report period is 2011, its EPS will also have to be adjusted. Bonus issue will be treated as if it had occurred at the beginning of the earliest reported period.

    Adjusted EPS for 2011= 18,00,000 / (30,000 + 60,000) = Rs.  20

    Right issue

    The right issue generally has an exercise price that is less than the fair value of the shares. Hence, we can say that the right issue has an element of bonus in them.

    So, just like in the case of a bonus issue, we will have to adjust the number of shares outstanding before the right issue up to the earliest reported period by an adjustment factor.

    The number of shares outstanding before the right issue is to be multiplied by the adjustment factor given below:

    Theoretical ex-right value per share is calculated in the following way:

    Let’s see an example:

    Net profit for 2011     Rs. 11,00,000
    Net profit for 2012     Rs. 15,00,000
    No. of shares outstanding prior to rights issue   5,00,000 shares
    Rights issue price                                                       Rs. 15
    Last date to exercise rights                                    1st March 2012

    The right issue is one new share for every 5 shares outstanding (i.e. 1,00,000 new shares)

    The fair value of shares immediately prior to 1st March 2012 = Rs. 21

    Solution:

     

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