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  2. AbhishekBatabyal Helpful Pursuing CA, BCOM (HONS)
    This answer was edited.

    IND AS 102: ‘Share-based payments’ in its actual text is considerably lengthy and very detailed. The objective of my answer is to provide a basic understanding of what IND AS 102 is all about. Further reading of the actual text is suggested for a more detailed understanding. IND AS 102 is the IndiaRead more

    IND AS 102: ‘Share-based payments’ in its actual text is considerably lengthy and very detailed.

    The objective of my answer is to provide a basic understanding of what IND AS 102 is all about. Further reading of the actual text is suggested for a more detailed understanding.

    IND AS 102 is the India specific version of IFRS 2 which deals with the accounting of Share-based payments. IND AS 102 and IFRS are almost similar.

    It deals with the financial reporting of the share-based payment transactions entered into by an enterprise in the following cases:

    1. Transactions with suppliers of goods or services that are settled by share-based payments.
    2. Transactions with employees of the enterprise in nature of Employee Stock Option Plan.

    Share-based payments are of three types:

    • Equity settled share-based payment: It is a transaction in which an entity receives goods or services from the supplier of those goods and services (including an employee) and settles it by issuing equity instruments of the entity or its parent entity.

     Example: A business acquires an asset for Rs. 1,00,000 and makes payment by the issue of its equity shares.

    • Cash settled share-based payment: It is a transaction in which an entity incurs a liability and settles the transaction by paying cash or other assets based on the price of the equity instruments of the entity or group’s entity.

    Example: A business acquires an asset for Rs. 1,00,000 and makes payment in amounts of case based upon its share price.

     

    • Share-based payment transaction with cash alternatives:- In this case,  either the entity or the counterparty has the option of settling the transaction either through with issue of equity or payment of cash by incurring liability.

     

    Things that are not under the scope of IND AS-102

    • Transactions with parties who are acting in the capacity of shareholders.
    • Where a business acquires net assets of a business in case of amalgamation, joint venture etc and issues shares as consideration.

    Recognition

    In a share-based transaction,

    • goods and services are to be recognised when the goods or services are received by the entity.
    • Also, the corresponding increase in equity in equity-settled transactions or liability in the cash-settled transactions is to be recognised.

    Measurement

    The amount at a share-based transaction is to be recorded depending upon the type of counterparty:

    1. Non-employee counter-party: The transaction will be measured based on the fair value of the goods or services received on the date when the goods or services are received.
    2. Employee counter-party: The transaction is to be recorded at the fair value of the equity instruments as on the grant date because the services rendered by the employee cannot be recorded reliably.

    I hope this is enough for a basic understanding of the IND AS 102.

     

     

     

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A. Original B. Duplicate C. Personal D. Nominal

  2. AbhishekBatabyal Helpful Pursuing CA, BCOM (HONS)

    The correct option is (A) Original. Journal entry is the book of the original entry. It is because every event or transaction which is of monetary nature is first recorded in the journal. The transactions recorded in the journal are known as journal entries. Journal follows the double-entry system oRead more

    The correct option is (A) Original. Journal entry is the book of the original entry. It is because every event or transaction which is of monetary nature is first recorded in the journal. The transactions recorded in the journal are known as journal entries.

    Journal follows the double-entry system of accounting. It means a journal entry affects at least two accounts. It is from the journal entries, the ledger accounts are prepared. For example, the transaction, ‘sale of goods for Rs 1000 for cash’ affects two accounts. The journal entry is:

    There are many special journals that record some special set of transactions which are called subsidiary journals or daybooks. Such special journals are not considered the books of original entry.

    Option (B) Duplicate is wrong. It is because the journal is the book where monetary events and transactions are recorded. It cannot be the book of duplicate entries. There is no such thing as ‘book of duplicate entry.’

    Option (C) Personal is wrong. Personal is a type of account under the golden rules of accounting. A personal account is a type of account that represents a person. But, the journal is not an account, it is a book. Also, there is no such thing as book of personal entry.

    Option (D) Nominal is wrong. Nominal is also a type of account under the golden rules of accounting. The nominal account is a type of account that represents an income, expense, gain or loss. Journal is a type of account but a book.

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AbhishekBatabyal
AbhishekBatabyalHelpful
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  2. PriyanshiGupta Graduated, B.Com
    This answer was edited.

    Income derived from farming land, building constructed or associated with farming land, and commercial products from farming land is called agricultural income. According to Section 10(1) of the Income Tax Act, agricultural income is exempt from tax. However, the government can levy tax if agricultuRead more

    Income derived from farming land, building constructed or associated with farming land, and commercial products from farming land is called agricultural income.

    According to Section 10(1) of the Income Tax Act, agricultural income is exempt from tax. However, the government can levy tax if agricultural income is above Rs 5,000.

    Following are the sources to be considered for agricultural income according to the conditions mentioned in Section 2 (1A) of the Income Tax Act:

    • Revenue generated through rent or lease of land in India that is used for agricultural purposes.
    • Revenue generated through the commercial sale of produce gained from agricultural land.
    • Revenue generated through the renting or leasing of buildings in and around the agricultural land subject to the following conditions:
    • The cultivator or farmer should have occupied the building, either through rent or revenue.
    • The building is used as a residential place, storeroom, or outhouse.
    • The agricultural land or the land where the building is located, is being assessed for land revenue or subject to a local rate assessed.

    If the land does not fall under the provisions stated above, the Income Tax Act requires a separate evaluation to calculate tax.

    The Income-tax Act has laid down a method to indirectly tax such income.
    This method or concept is called the partial integration of agricultural income with non-agricultural income. It aims at taxing the non-agricultural income at higher rates of tax.

    Partial integration of agricultural income with non-agricultural income involves the following steps:

    1.  For example, the base income of the individual is Rs. 20,000 and agricultural income is Rs 10,000, then we first have to calculate tax on Rs 30,000. For convenience, we can call this tax T(30,000)
    2. Assuming that the income falls under tax slab A, this tax slab A has to be added to the agricultural income and tax has to be calculated on it as well and it is called T(S+10,000).
    3. The final tax on the individual’s income will be T(30,000)- T(A+10,000)

    The important step to keep in mind is to aggregate the agricultural income while calculating tax otherwise it can lead to double taxation, extra tax, or interest on tax.

     

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Rahul_Jose
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  2. Radhika
    This answer was edited.

    An asset is a resource in the name of the company or controlled by the company that holds economic value and will provide it future benefits. A company invests in various kinds of assets for manufacturing purposes and investment purposes as well. Some examples of assets are: Plant and Machinery InveRead more

    An asset is a resource in the name of the company or controlled by the company that holds economic value and will provide it future benefits.

    A company invests in various kinds of assets for manufacturing purposes and investment purposes as well. Some examples of assets are:

    • Plant and Machinery
    • Investments
    • Inventory
    • Cash and Cash Equivalents, etc.

    Assets can be broadly divided into two categories based on their physical existence:

    • Tangible Assets
    • Intangible Assets

    Tangible Assets can be further divided into two categories based on their life and role in the operating cycle:

    • Non-Current Assets
    • Current Assets

    Since the company derives benefit from the asset, an asset account is debit in nature. If an asset account has a credit balance, it would fundamentally make it a liability. However, there are certain exceptions to it.

    In the case of Bank Overdraft, which means a company withdraws more from the bank than it has deposited in its account, Bank Account can also be shown having a credit balance.

    Contra Assets Accounts are the accounts that are contrary to the basic nature of an assets account, that is it is contrary to the debit nature of the assets account and hence are credit in nature.

    Examples of Contra Assets Account are:

    Accumulated Depreciation Account which is essentially Plant Assets Account also has a credit balance as it is used to depreciate the asset, or in other words, reduce the value of the assets, hence it also has a credit balance.

    When there are balances in the Account Receivables Account that are not paid to the company or have a very low probability of being paid, they are recorded in a separate account called Bad Debts Account, which is also credit in nature.

     

     

     

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AbhishekBatabyal
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  2. Ayushi Curious Pursuing CA

    Introduction Like, in the case of excise duty, the taxable event is the manufacture of goods, supply is a taxable event with respect to the Goods and Services Tax regime in India. A taxable event is an event on occurrence of which tax is charged. Excise duty is charged when any specified good is manRead more

    Introduction

    Like, in the case of excise duty, the taxable event is the manufacture of goods, supply is a taxable event with respect to the Goods and Services Tax regime in India. A taxable event is an event on occurrence of which tax is charged.

    Excise duty is charged when any specified good is manufactured, GST is charged when any good or service is supplied.

    Definition of Supply

    The concept of supply is of great significance to the GST architecture. It can be called the ‘bones to the body of GST’.

    Section 7 of the CGST defines ‘supply’.

    At first, I have provided the whole Section 7 which consists of four sub-sections:

    • 7(1)
    • 7(1A)
    • 7(2)
    • 7(3).

    Thereafter will be the explanation of each sub-section in simple language.

    Section 7

    Section 7(1) of the CGST Act, 2017 defines ‘supply’. As per section 7(1) of the CGST Act, 2017, the supply includes:

    • All forms of supply of goods and services or both such as sale, transfer, barter, exchange, license, rental, lease or disposal made for a consideration by a person in the course or furtherance of business
    • Importation of service, for a consideration whether or not in the course or furtherance of business and
    • The activities specified in Schedule I, made or agreed to be made with or without consideration.

    Section 7(1A) states, ‘where certain activities or transaction constitute as supply in accordance of with the provisions of sub-section (1), they shall be treated either as a supply of good or supply of services as referred to Schedule II.

    Section 7(2) states, ‘notwithstanding with anything contained in sub-section (1).

    • Activities and transactions stated specified in Schedule III or
    • Such activities and transactions undertaken by the Central government, state government or local authority in which they are engaged as public authorities, as may be notified by the government on the recommendation of the Council

    shall not be treated neither as a supply of goods nor a supply of services.

    Section 7(3) states ‘subject to sub-section (1), (1A) and (2), the government may, on the recommendation of the council specify, by the notification, the transaction that is treated as :

    • a supply of goods and not as a supply of services
    • a supply of services and not as a supply of goods.

    Explanation of Section 7 in simple terms.

    Section 7(1) (a) sets three parameters of an activity or transaction to be a supply.

    • Supply should be only of goods and services. Supply of anything other than goods or services like money, securities do not attract GST.
    • Supply should be made for a consideration
    • Supply should be made in the course or furtherance of business

    Any activity or transaction will be treated as a supply if the above parameters are fulfilled as per sub-section (1) clause (a).

    Section 7(1)(b) is actually an exception to the 3rd parameter of supply. Import of service for a consideration will be considered a supply even if it is not made in furtherance of business,

    Section 7(1)(c) states that item in the schedule I will be treated as supply whether there is consideration or not. This is an exception to the 2nd parameter.

    Section 7(1A) states any activity which is a supply as per sub-section (1), shall be classified either as a supply of goods or as a supply of service as per schedule II. There are many activities and transactions which have the characteristics of both goods and services.

    For example, dining in a restaurant.  Schedule II helps to eliminate this confusion and helps to classify such activities or transactions as either supply of goods or supply of services. As per Schedule II, dining or take-away from a restaurant is a supply of service.

    Section 7(2) states the activities which are neither supply of goods nor neither of services even if they fulfilled the condition of the sub-section (1).

    Section 7(3) says that the central government have the power to notify transactions that are to be treated as supply of goods nor as a supply of service or supply of services not as a supply of services

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Simerpreet
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  2. Ayushi Curious Pursuing CA
    This answer was edited.

    Introduction The term 'gain ratio' is related to partnership accounting. Gain ratio refers to the ratio in which existing partners of a partnership firm, divide among themselves, the share of profit and loss of the outgoing partners. There is a method of calculating this gain ratio. The method alongRead more

    Introduction

    The term ‘gain ratio’ is related to partnership accounting. Gain ratio refers to the ratio in which existing partners of a partnership firm, divide among themselves, the share of profit and loss of the outgoing partners.

    There is a method of calculating this gain ratio. The method along with the concept behind gain ration is discussed below.

    Concept behind gain ratio

    A partnership firm is a form of business organisation which is conducted and carried on by members known as partners. It requires at least two partners to start a firm and the maximum limit is 50.

    The partners share the profit and loss of a business in a ratio known as Profit and loss sharing ratio.

    For example, Amanda, Bill and Chang are partners, having a P/L sharing ratio of 3:2:1 i.e. Amanda is getting 3/6, Bill is getting  2/6 of the same and Chang is getting ⅓ of the profit and loss

    If the profit is $6,000 , then Amanda will get $3,000 (3/6 of $6,000) and Bill will get $2,000 (2/6 of $6,000) and Chang will get $1,000 (1/6 of $6,000).

     

    Now if Amanda retires from the firm, then naturally, Bill and Chang’s share of profit will increase.

    The profit and loss sharing ratio will now be 2:1 (earlier it was 3:2:1) and the share of profit of Bill will be $4,000 and of Chang will be $2,000.

     

     

    Calculation of gain ratio

    The formula for calculating gain ratio = New ratio – Old Ratio

    As per the  above case:

    • Gain ratio of Bill = 2/3 – 2/6 = 2/6
    • Gain ratio of Chang = 1/3 – 1/6 = 1/6

     

    Therefore the gain ratio in which Bill and Chang gained the share of profit of Amanda is 2/6 : 1/6 or simply 2:1

    This is how we can calculate the gain ratio. But one thing to notice is that the gain ratio is equal to the P/L sharing ratio of the partnership between Bill and Chang.

    Hence, whenever a partner retires and the existing partner keep the P/L sharing ratio unchanged among themselves then, the gain ratio will be equal to their P/L sharing ratio. In that case, there is no need to calculate the gain ratio from the formula given above.

    But, when the remaining partners change the P/L sharing ratio among themselves after a partner retires, then the gain ratio is to be calculated using the formula given above.

    Suppose, upon retirement of Amanda, Bill and Chang change the P/L sharing between them to from 2:1 to 3:2

     In that case,

    • The gain ratio of Bill = 3/5 – 2/6 = 8/30
    • The gain ratio of Chang = 2/5 – 1/6 = 7/30

     

     Therefore the gain ratio in which Bill and Chang will gain the share of profit of Amanda is 8/30 : 7/30 or simply 8:7

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Anushka Lalwani
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  2. Akash Kumar AK
    This answer was edited.

    Expenses are of two types, are Direct Expenses Indirect Expenses   Direct Expenses Direct expenses are those expenses are which are directly related to the manufacturing or production of the final goods. These expenses are also known as Manufacturing expenses. Manufacturing or production of gooRead more

    Expenses are of two types, are

    1. Direct Expenses
    2. Indirect Expenses

     

    Direct Expenses

    Direct expenses are those expenses are which are directly related to the manufacturing or production of the final goods. These expenses are also known as Manufacturing expenses.

    Manufacturing or production of goods indicates the conversion of Raw material into finished goods. the expenses incurred in the stage of conversion are treated as Direct expenses or Manufacturing expenses.

    Direct expenses are shown on the Debit side of the Trading Account.

     

    Indirect Expenses

    Indirect expenses are those expenses that are incurred to run a business day-to-day and maintenance of the company.  In other words, they are not directly related to making a product or service or buying a wholesale product to resell.

    Indirect expenses are classified into three types, which are

    1. Factory Expenses
    2. Administrative Expenses
    3. Selling & Distribution Expenses

    Indirect Expenses are shown on the Debit side of the Profit and Loss Account.

     

    Presentation of Direct Expenses in Trading Account

     

    Examples of Direct Expenses

    1. Gas, water, and Fuel: Gas, water, and fuel are the essentials to run a factory and are used in machinery to manufacture its final goods.
    2. Wages: Wages are the daily payments to the workers or Labours working in the factory premises on a daily or weekly payment basis.
    3. Freight and Carriage: Freight and Carriage are the expenses related to the importing of raw materials from the godown or from the outsiders to the Factory.
    4. Factory Rent: Rent paid for the factory area or any payment related to the place of the factory is known as factory rent.
    5. Factory Lighting: The expenses related to the uniform distribution of light over the working plane are obtained in the factory premises.
    6. Factory Insurance: The payment of insurance related to the factory will come under direct expenses.
    7. Manufacturing Expenses: Any other expenses related to the manufacturing process of finished goods are manufacturing expenses.
    8. Cargo Expenses: These are the expenses related to goods or freight being shipped or carried by the ocean, air, or land from one place to another.
    9. Upkeep and Maintenance: These are the expenses related to the maintenance of the factory for smooth running.
    10. Repairs on Machinery: The expenses related to any repair on machinery which is used in the production.
    11. Coal, Oil, and Grease: Coal, oil, and grease are the essentials to run machinery which results in the conversion of raw material to finished goods.
    12. Custom Charges: The expenses related to the payment of any Customs duty for the material imported.
    13. Clearing Charges: A clearing charge is a charge assessed on securities transactions by a clearing house for completing transactions using its own facilities.
    14. Depreciation on Machinery: Generally it is a nonmonetary expense but recorded in the trading account as a direct expense as per the accrual accounting.
    15. Import duty: any payment related to the importing of any machinery or any material from other countries is known as import duty.
    16. Octroi: this is the tax levied by a local political unit, normally the commune or municipal authority, on certain categories of goods as they enter the area.
    17. Shipping expenses: any expense related to the shipment charges of the raw material is known as shipping expenses.
    18. Motive power: Motive Power basically means any power, such as electricity or steam energy, etc, used to impart motion to any source of mechanical energy.
    19. Dock dues: a payment that a shipping company must pay for the use of a port.
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