AccountingQA Latest Questions

Ayushi
AyushiCurious
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  2. Rahul_Jose Aspiring CA currently doing Bcom
    This answer was edited.

    When a manager provides services to a company, he is expected to receive some kind of compensation. This is given in the form of managerial remuneration. Section 197 of the Companies Act allows a maximum remuneration of 11% of the net profit of the company to the directors, managing directors and whRead more

    When a manager provides services to a company, he is expected to receive some kind of compensation. This is given in the form of managerial remuneration. Section 197 of the Companies Act allows a maximum remuneration of 11% of the net profit of the company to the directors, managing directors and whole-time directors etc. This section is applicable for public companies and not private companies

    Yes, a company can pay managerial remuneration in case of inadequacy of profits or losses, provided they follow the condition in Schedule V of the Companies Act 2013.

    Conditions

    In order to pay remuneration while the company is at a loss, it has to comply with the following:

    • Pass a resolution at the board meeting
    • The company has not defaulted in payments to any Banks, non-convertible debenture holders or any secured creditors. But in case of default, the company has obtained prior approval from such creditors or banks before obtaining approval from their general meeting.
    • Ordinary resolution or special resolution (if the limit is exceeded)

    The limit mentioned above refers to the maximum limit of Rs 60 lakhs when the effective capital is negative or less than Rs 5 Crore. Such remuneration can also only be paid if such a manager does not have any interest in the company and also possesses special knowledge and expertise along with a graduate-level qualification.

    Effective capital is the aggregate of paid-up share capital, share premium, reserves and surplus, long term loans and deposits and after subtracting Investments, accumulated losses and preliminary expenses not written off.

    Percentage of Remuneration

    When the Company earns adequate profits, they are allowed to provide remuneration up to a certain per cent. The percentage of remuneration depends on whether the directors are working whole-time or part-time according to the Companies Act.

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Astha
AsthaLeader
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  2. Rahul_Jose Aspiring CA currently doing Bcom

    When a business deposits its money into a bank account, it receives a percentage of the amount deposited as bank interest. The journal entry for interest received from a bank is as follows: Since the Bank account is a current asset, it gets debited. This is in accordance with the modern rules of accRead more

    When a business deposits its money into a bank account, it receives a percentage of the amount deposited as bank interest. The journal entry for interest received from a bank is as follows:

    Since the Bank account is a current asset, it gets debited. This is in accordance with the modern rules of accounting where an increase in assets is debited while a decrease in assets is credited. According to the traditional rules (golden rules) of accounting, a bank account is classified under Personal account with the rule of “debit the receiver” and “credit the giver”. In the given journal entry bank account is receiving money and is hence debited.

    Meanwhile, Bank interest is the income received by the business and according to the modern rule of accounting, an increase in incomes is credited and a decrease in incomes is debited. Whereas, considering the traditional rules (golden rules), bank interest comes under Nominal account where “all incomes are credited” and “all expenses are debited”. Therefore, considering these rules, bank interest is credited.

    EXAMPLE

    If Gregor Ltd has a bank account with HSBC, having an opening balance of Rs 10,000 earning an interest of 5% per annum, then the journal entry for interest received from the bank is recorded as

    The interest amount is taken on the amount deposited in the bank (10,000 * 5%).

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Aadil
AadilCurious
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  2. GautamSaxena Curious .
    This answer was edited.

    Meaning of Opening Stock Opening stock is the inventory or stock of goods that are available at the beginning of the new accounting year carried down from the previous year's closing stock which is recorded in the books of accounts. In simple words, Opening stock is the goods/quantity/products thatRead more

    Meaning of Opening Stock

    Opening stock is the inventory or stock of goods that are available at the beginning of the new accounting year carried down from the previous year’s closing stock which is recorded in the books of accounts.

    • In simple words, Opening stock is the goods/quantity/products that are held by a business at the beginning of a new accounting period and it is the closing stock of the preceding year carried down.
    • Similarly, the closing stock is the number of unsold goods that remain with the business at the end of an accounting year and is further carried down to the next year as Opening Stock.

     

    Formula

    There are 3 main formulas used for Opening Stock’s calculation. They are-

    • For manufacturing companies

    Opening Stock = Raw Material Cost + Work in Progress + Finished Goods Cost

    • When only Sales, GP, COGS, and Closing Stock are given

    Opening Stock = Sales – Gross Profit – Cost of Goods Sold + Closing Stock

    • You can use this one when only limited information is provided

    Opening Stock = COGS + Closing Inventory – Purchases

     

    Types of Opening Stock

    There are three types of Opening Stock or we may also say that Opening  Stock consists of these 3 elements. They are-

    • Raw Materials- These are the unprocessed goods held by a business that is yet to be converted into finished goods.
    • Work in Progress- These include the goods that are in process but not converted into finished goods.
    • Finished Goods- These are the goods/products that have completed the manufacturing process but have not yet been sold.

    Opening Stock in Final Accounts

    Opening stock is a part of the Trading Account while preparing the Final Accounts. And this is how it is posted in the Trading A/c.

    Trading A/c (for the year ending…)

     

    Example of Opening Stock

    Example

    IKEA, the biggest Furniture manufacturer collected this data on April 1, 2021,

    Timber – $300,000

    Wood – $30,000

    Nails – $15,000

    Pre-cut Wood – $120,000

    Assembled Furniture – $400,000

    Now, adding them (as said earlier, Opening stock is a combination of these three.)

    Opening Stock (Raw Material + Work in Progress + Finished Goods) = $865,000

    Therefore, that’s how one can calculate Opening Stock.

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Simerpreet
SimerpreetHelpful
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  2. Ayushi Curious Pursuing CA
    This answer was edited.

    Introduction  Working capital refers to the capital which is required by an enterprise to smoothly run its daily operations. It is the measure of the short-term liquidity of a business.  Working capital is the total of the current assets of a business, net of its current liabilities. Working capitalRead more

    Introduction 

    Working capital refers to the capital which is required by an enterprise to smoothly run its daily operations.

    It is the measure of the short-term liquidity of a business. 

    Working capital is the total of the current assets of a business, net of its current liabilities.

    Working capital = Current Assets – Current Liabilities 

    The working capital consists of cash, accounts receivable and inventory of raw materials and finished goods fewer accounts payable and other short-term liabilities.

    Without a proper level of working capital, a business cannot maintain regular production and pay its creditors and expenses.

    Hence, for proper management of working capital, it is divided into types:

    • Permanent working capital 
    • Temporary working capital 

    I have discussed them below:

    Permanent Working Capital 

    It is the fixed level or minimum level of working capital that an enterprise needs to maintain to ensure production at the normal capacity and pay for its daily expenses. It is independent of the level of production.

    It is also known as fixed working capital.

    By ‘permanent’,  it does not mean that it will forever remain at the same level or amount but it may change if the overall production capacity changes. But such changes in permanent working capital are not often.

    Temporary Working Capital 

    It is the level of working capital that depends upon the level of production of a business. It is the excess working capital over the permanent capital that is required to meet seasonal high demand.

    It is also known as fluctuating working capital because it tends to change often depending on the level of production.

    Temporary working capital is required when high production is required to meet seasonal demands. 

    For example, a bakery will need more working capital to meet the increased demand for cakes and pastry during Christmas season 

    Graph showing permanent and temporary working capital

    Here, the temporary working capital is fluctuating whereas the permanent working capital is gradually increasing with time.

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A_Team
A_Team
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  2. Vishnu_K Nil
    This answer was edited.

    Shareholder's Equity Meaning - Shareholder's Equity is the amount invested into the Company. It represents the Net worth of the Company. It is also where the owners have the claim on the Assets after the Debts are settled. It Calculation of Shareholder's Equity Method 1 Shareholder's Equity = TotalRead more

    Shareholder’s Equity

    Meaning – Shareholder’s Equity is the amount invested into the Company. It represents the Net worth of the Company. It is also where the owners have the claim on the Assets after the Debts are settled. It

    Calculation of Shareholder’s Equity

    Method 1

    Shareholder’s Equity = Total Assets – Total Liabilities

    Method 2

    Shareholder’s Equity = Share Capital + Retained Earnings – Treasury Stock/Treasury Shares

    Components of the Shareholder’s Equity

    From the above Method 1,  it can be understood that shareholder’s equity comprises of

    Net Assets = Current Assets + Non-current Assets, reduced by

    Net liabilities = Current liabilities + Long-term liabilities

    where Long-term liabilities = Long-term debts + Deferred long-term liabilities + Other liabilities

     

    Also from the method 2,

    Share Capital = Outstanding shares + Additional Paid-up share capital

    Retained Earnings are the sum of the company’s earnings after paying the dividends

    Treasury stocks = Shares repurchased by the company

    Example of Shareholder’s Equity

     

    The shareholder’s Equity is represented in the Balance Sheet as below;

     

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Ishika Pandey
Ishika PandeyCurious
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  2. SidharthBadlani CA Inter Student
    This answer was edited.

    Yes, accounting is necessary even for not-for-profit organizations. NPOs or not-for-profit organizations are those that are created for the welfare of the society. They intend to advance some social cause. For example charities, orphanages etc Accounting for NPOs becomes necessary as the trustees ofRead more

    Yes, accounting is necessary even for not-for-profit organizations.

    NPOs or not-for-profit organizations are those that are created for the welfare of the society. They intend to advance some social cause. For example charities, orphanages etc

    Accounting for NPOs becomes necessary as the trustees of these institutions are liable to their members, the donors and the government. They discharge this function with documenting activities of the institution.

     

    What is a not-for-profit organization?

    A not-for-profit organization is an entity that undertakes charitable activities. These institutions do not have earning profit as their primary motive. Their focus is on extending social welfare.

    Every not-for-profit organization usually has a group of trustees that are responsible for handling all its operations. These trustees are accountable to the members of the NPO.

    A not-for-profit organization usually relies on donations and grants as its primary source of revenue. They do not charge the stakeholders to whom they extend their services or goods.

     

    What does accounting for Not-for-profit organizations entail

    The professionals undertaking accounting of not-for-profit organizations must have a significant knowledge of statutory provisions and accounting principles. Here is a brief overview of what accounting for a not-for-profit organizations entails

    • Ensuring that the institution fulfills all the legal compliances necessary for it to continue functioning as a NPO.
    • Documenting all the activities of the institution and ensuring that the NPO has the necessary permits to carry out those activities.
    • Accounting for all the revenue receipts and expenses of the institution. The professional must keep in mind that the interests of the members and other stakeholders are not being subjected to any prejudice.
    • In India, every NPO has to compulsorily prepare a receipt and payment account, income and expenditure account and a balance sheet. These have to be submitted to the Registrar of Societies before the due dates.

    • Every professional undertaking the accounting of a not-for-profit organization must keep in mind that a single non-compliance or partial-compliance can result in the NPO losing out on its tax-exempt status.
    • In the past there have been many instances when NPOs have been used for the purpose of money laundering or tax evasion.
    • This has resulted in the government making the compliances for these institutions more stringent. The institutions are now required to be more transparent regarding their operations.

    We can conclude that accounting is an indispensable requirements for not-for-profit organizations to be able to continue their operations and claim the statutory benefits that the government has extended to them.

     

     

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Anushka Lalwani
Anushka Lalwani
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  2. Saurav

    Brands can be considered as an Intangible asset as they are a long-term investment done by the company and it gives benefit to an entity in future periods. Like any other intangible asset, brands require long-term investment and will pay over time. Like any other asset, these brands can be bought anRead more

    Brands can be considered as an Intangible asset as they are a long-term investment done by the company and it gives benefit to an entity in future periods.

    Like any other intangible asset, brands require long-term investment and will pay over time. Like any other asset, these brands can be bought and sold. Brands are best used when they serve the vision and mission of the company.

    So, we can definitely consider an organization brand as an intangible as it is expected to increase sales volume in the future period.

    Further, we can understand both terms to get a deep understanding-

     

    BRAND

    Brand means a product, or service which has a unique identification and can be distinct from other products in the market. Branding is a process by which expenditure is incurred by an entity to create awareness towards the product in the customer’s eyes.

    For example- Maggie, Coca-Cola, BMW

    Brands can be created through these elements-

    • Design
    • Packaging
    • Advertisement

     

    INTANGIBLE ASSETS

    Intangible asset are assets that can’t be seen or touched but the benefit of it occur in future periods for the entity. Even though intangible assets have no physical form but their benefits will accrue in future years. Businesses commonly hold intangible assets. Intangible assets can be further bifurcated in

    Definite– Intangible assets that stay and give benefit for a limited or specific period of time covered under this

    For example- An agreement is entered with an entity to patent a product for 5 years so this will stay for a definite period only

    Indefinite– Intangible assets that stay and  give benefit for an unlimited  period of time covered under this

    For example- A brand which is made by an entity will stay for an indefinite period

    Intangible assets can be in various forms these are the following –

    Trademark– A trademark is a sign, design, and expression that distinguish the company’s product or services from other company. Trademark is considered an Intellectual Property Right.

    Goodwill– Goodwill refers to the value of the company that the company gets from its brand, customer base, and brand Reputation associated with its intellectual property.

    Patents– A patent refers to a right reserved for a product exclusively by a person or entity. Under this the right of such making of the product gets reserved by the company and other person or entity can’t make this product.

    Copyright– Copyright refers to an intellectual property right that protects the work of the original owner from being copied by some other person.

    Brand– Brand means a product, or service that has a unique identification and can be distinct from other products in market

    So, we can definitely consider that brand is a subpart of an intangible asset and can be considered as an intangible asset as it also can’t be touched or seen. Still, its benefit will accrue till future time. These both help an entity to grow its business till the future

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