AccountingQA Latest Questions

Karan
Karan
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  2. PriyanshiGupta Graduated, B.Com
    This answer was edited.

    The profits earned by a company are mainly divided into two parts: Dividend, and Retained Earnings The part of profit distributed to its shareholders is called a dividend. The part of the profit that the company holds for future expansion or diversification plans is called retained earnings. As theRead more

    The profits earned by a company are mainly divided into two parts:

    • Dividend, and
    • Retained Earnings

    The part of profit distributed to its shareholders is called a dividend. The part of the profit that the company holds for future expansion or diversification plans is called retained earnings.

    As the name suggests, retained earnings are the profit that is retained in the company. Retained earnings can be used for various purposes:

    • To distribute as dividends to shareholders
    • Expansion of business
    • Diversification
    • For an expected merger or acquisition

    As the profits of the company belong to shareholders, retained earnings are considered as profits re-invested in the company by the shareholders.

    The formula to calculate the cost of retained earnings is:

    (Expected dividend per share / Net proceeds) + growth rate

    • Expected dividend is the dividend an investor expects for his investment in the company’s shares based on the last year’s dividend, trends in the markets, and financial statements presented by the company.
    • Net proceeds is the market value of a share, that is, how much an investor would get if he sells his shares today.
    • Growth rate represents growth of company’s revenue, dividend from previous years in the form of a percentage.

    The expected dividend per share is divided by net proceeds or the current selling price of the share, to find out the market value of retained earnings.

    The growth rate is then added to the formula. It’s the rate at which the dividend grows in the company.

    For example:

    The net proceeds from share is Rs 100, expected dividend growth rate is 2% and expected dividend is 5.

    Cost of retained earnings

    = (Expected dividend per share / Net proceeds) + Growth rate

    = (5 / 100) + 0.02

    = 0.07 or 7%

     

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Astha
AsthaLeader
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  2. Ayushi Curious Pursuing CA
    This answer was edited.

    The receipt of cash is recorded by debiting the cash account to the account from which the cash is received. This source account may be the sales account, account receivable account or any other account from which cash is received. The journal entry is: An entity may receive cash in the following evRead more

    The receipt of cash is recorded by debiting the cash account to the account from which the cash is received. This source account may be the sales account, account receivable account or any other account from which cash is received.

    The journal entry is:

    An entity may receive cash in the following events:

    • Sales of goods or provision of services
    • Payment from account receivables
    • Sale of assets.
    • Withdrawal of cash from the bank
    • Introduction of additional capital in the business
    • Subscription or donation received in case of non-profit oriented concerns.
    • Other income in cash

    This list is not exhaustive. There may be many such events. However, the cash account will be always debited.

    Rules of accounting applicable on the cash account

    As per the golden rules of accounting, the cash account is a real account as represents an asset. For real accounts, the rule, “Debit the receiver and credit the giver” applies.

    Hence, when cash is received, cash is debited and the source (giver) is credited.

    As per modern rules of accounting, the cash account is an asset account. Assets accounts are debited when increased and credited when decreased.

    Hence, at receipt of cash, cash is debited as cash is increased.

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Ayushi
AyushiCurious
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  2. AbhishekBatabyal Helpful Pursuing CA, BCOM (HONS)

    Introduction As per SA 530, audit sampling refers to the application of auditing procedures to less than 100% of items within a population relevant under audit such that all the sampling units have an equal chance of selection. In simple words, sampling in auditing refers to the practice deriving aRead more

    Introduction

    As per SA 530, audit sampling refers to the application of auditing procedures to less than 100% of items within a population relevant under audit such that all the sampling units have an equal chance of selection.

    In simple words, sampling in auditing refers to the practice deriving a conclusion by the auditor about a population of data by evaluation of only a part or sample of the whole data. Population means a set of data.

    Concept of sampling

    We know, an audit involves inspection of financial information of an entity by an auditor to form an opinion on its financial statements. Now the financial information of a firm usually contains large volumes of data. For example, a firm may have entered into 50,000 purchase transactions in a year.

    Now, checking each and every purchase transaction will cost both time and money. Also, nowadays, almost every enterprise have internal controls and automated accounting systems that are established to ensure accuracy and prevention of errors. Hence, a  full-fledged inspection of each and every transaction is not worth the time and effort.

    Instead, a wise thing to do is to take a sample from the whole volume of transactions or accounts and apply the auditing procedures to the sample. The results derived from the sample are then projected upon the whole volume of data. Samples are often taken using statistical methods to ensure that sample is taken randomly and represents the whole population of data in a true and unbiased manner.

    Consideration regarding the population before audit sampling:

    1. The population is appropriate for the specific audit objective of the auditor
    2. It is from a reliable source to ensure sample reliability
    3. It is complete in terms of coverage of all relevant items throughout the period.

    Irrespective of the method of sampling, the sample must represent the whole population closely.

    Approaches to sampling

    There are two approaches to sampling:

    1. Statistical Approach: It is a scientific way of ensuring that the sample is chosen randomly from data and represents the data in a true and unbiased way. It employs mathematical and statistical tools like the theory of probability and also considers sampling risk characteristics.
    2. Non-Statistical Approach: Under this approach, the auditor employs his personal experience to collect sample from the population. No mathematical tools are used but the personal judgement of the auditor regarding sampling. Sometimes, this approach may give satisfactory results depending upon the capability of the auditor. But in most cases, reliability is less compared to the statistical approach.
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A_Team
A_Team
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  2. GautamSaxena Curious .
    This answer was edited.

    Starting of the business The starting of the business, in accounting terms, is called the commencement of the business. There are three types of businesses that can be commenced, they are, sole proprietorship, partnership, and joint-stock company. In order to start the business, in companies, commenRead more

    Starting of the business

    The starting of the business, in accounting terms, is called the commencement of the business. There are three types of businesses that can be commenced, they are, sole proprietorship, partnership, and joint-stock company.

    In order to start the business, in companies, commencement is a declaration issued by the company’s directors with the registrar stating that the subscribers of the company have paid the amount agreed. In a sole proprietorship, the business can be commenced with the introduction of any asset such as cash, stock, furniture, etc.

    Journal entry

    In this entry, “Started business with cash $60,000”

    As per the golden rules of accounting, the cash a/c is debited because we bring in cash to the business, and as the rule says “debit what comes in, credit what goes out.” Whereas the capital a/c is credited because “debit all expenses and losses, credit all incomes and gains”

    As per modern rules of accounting, cash a/c is debited as cash is a current asset, and assets are debited when they increase. Whereas, on the increment on liabilities, they are credited, therefore, capital a/c is credited.

     

     

     

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Bonnie
BonnieCurious
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  2. Akash Kumar AK
    This answer was edited.

    Debts are of two types one is Good Debt, and another one is Bad debt. Bad Debts The amount which is not recoverable from the debtors is called Bad debt.  It is an uncollectable amount from the organization's customers due to the customer's inability to pay the amount of money taken on credit.  Read more

    Debts are of two types one is Good Debt, and another one is Bad debt.

    Bad Debts

    The amount which is not recoverable from the debtors is called Bad debt.  It is an uncollectable amount from the organization’s customers due to the customer’s inability to pay the amount of money taken on credit.

     

    Example 1

    Mr A borrowed $100 from Mr B for his college fee and agrees to pay in 2 months. After the time period is complete Mr A failed to repay the borrowed amount. This is a  Bad Debt for Mr B.

    Example 2

    XYZ Co. had made a credit sale of $50,000. A debtor who has to pay $1000 has been bankrupted. XYZ co. cannot recover the amount from the Debtor, so it records the irrecoverable amount as a bad debt.

     

    Journal Entry

    In this entry, “Bad debts are written off of Rs. 2000.”

    Bad debt is the amount not recoverable from debtors, which is a loss for the organization.

    Modern Rule

    The Modern rules of accounting for Expenses are “Debit the increase in expenses and Credit the decrease in expenses.”

     

    Golden Rule

    The Golden rules of accounting for expenses and losses are “Debit all expenses and losses, Credit all incomes and gains.”

    Bad Debts A/c Dr. 2,000

    To Debtor’s A/c 2000

     

    Bad debt is treated as a loss for the organization. As per the rule, this should be debited to the profit and loss account.

    Profit and Loss A/c Dr. – 2000

    To Bad Debts A/c – 2000

     

    Instead of passing two separate entries for writing off, we can combine the entries and pass one entry.

    Profit and Loss A/c Dr. 2000

    To Debtor’s A/c 2000

     

    Recovery of Bad debts

    Recovery of Bad debt is the amount received for a debt that was written off in the past. It was considered uncollectable.

    When we write off bad debt, it is recorded as a loss, but the recovery of bad debts is treated as an income for the business.

    It is treated as an income and the recovery of bad debt is shown on the credit side of the Income statement.

     

     

     

    Journal Entry for Recovery of Bad debts

    Bank/Cash A/c Dr. – Amount

    To Bad Debts Recovered A/c – Amount

    Rules applied in the Journal entry are as per the Golden rules of accounting,

    “Cash/Bank A/C” is a real account therefore debit what comes in and credit what goes out.

    “Bad Debts Recovered A/C” is a nominal account therefore debit all expenses and losses, and credit all incomes and gains.

     

    Treatment of “Bad Debt written off of Rs.2ooo.”

    In Trial Balance: No effect

    In Income Statement: It is shown on the debit side as Rs.2000 (loss)

    In Balance Sheet: Rs.2000 shall be deducted from the sundry debtor account.

     

     

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A_Team
A_Team
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  2. Saurav

    Accrual Accrual expense means the transaction that takes place in a particular period must be accounted for in that period only irrespective of the fact when such amount has been paid. An accrual of the expenditure which is not paid will be listed in the books of accounts. These accruals can be furtRead more

    Accrual

    Accrual expense means the transaction that takes place in a particular period must be accounted for in that period only irrespective of the fact when such amount has been paid.

    An accrual of the expenditure which is not paid will be listed in the books of accounts. These accruals can be further divided into two parts

     

    Accrual Expense-

    Accrual Expense means any transaction that takes place in a particular period but the amount for it will be paid on a later period.

    For example- If rent of 10,000 for the month of March was paid in April month then this rent will be accounted for in the books in March

    For example- Interest of 1,000 for the month of March of the loan amount of 10,000 paid in April then will be accounted for in the books in March

    These are the following accrued expense

    • Accrual Rent– Accrual rent means the amount for using the land of the landlord is paid at a later period than the period when it is put into use.
    • Accrual Insurance– Accrual insurance means the amount paid as a premium to the insurance company paid on a later period than the period when it is due
    • Accrual Expense- Acrrual expense means the amount for any expense paid on a later period than the period when it pertains to be paid
    • Accrual Wages- Accrual wages means the amount which is paid to employees on a later period than the period when the wages get due
    • Accrual Loan Interest– Loan Interest means the amount of interest on a loan which is paid on a later period than the period when it is due on

     

    Accrual Revenue-

    Accrual Revenue means any transaction that takes place in a particular period but the amount for it will be received in the later period.

    For example- If interest of 10,000 on bonds for the period of March is received in April months then this amount will be accounted for in March. These are the following accrued revenue

    For example- Rent of 10,000 for the month of March received in April month then this rent will be accounted for in the books in March

    • Accrual Income- Acrrual expense means the amount for any income received on a later period than the period when it pertains to be received
    • Accrual Rent– Accrual rent means the amount for using the land of the entity by the other party is received at a later period than the period when it is put into use.
    • Accrued Interest– Accrued interest means the amount of interest received on a later period than the period when it pertains to receive
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