AccountingQA Latest Questions

Ayushi
AyushiCurious
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  2. AbhishekBatabyal Helpful Pursuing CA, BCOM (HONS)
    This answer was edited.

    Introduction In GST, a supply is a taxable event. This means whenever there is a supply of goods or services or both, GST is charged. Supply includes the exchange of goods or services between supplier and recipient by way of sale, barter, lease etc for consideration and in the course or furtheranceRead more

    Introduction

    In GST, a supply is a taxable event. This means whenever there is a supply of goods or services or both, GST is charged. Supply includes the exchange of goods or services between supplier and recipient by way of sale, barter, lease etc for consideration and in the course or furtherance of business. The rate of GST on any supply depends on the type of good or service supplied.

    Composite supply and mixed supply are two special types of supplies, in which two or more goods or services or both are offered together in a bundle. As two or more goods are supplied together, the question arises at which rate the GST is to be charged on such supplies as such goods or services may have different rates of GST applicable to them. Sections 8 of the CGST act, 2017 deals with the tax liability of such supplies.

    Composite supply

    A composite supply is a type of supply in which two or more goods or services or both are supplied together in the ordinary course of business. Such goods or services are natural bundles. By natural bundle, we mean the goods or services are complementary to each, they are naturally provided together and are to be used along with each other.

    For example, mobile phones and chargers are supplied as a bundle. This concept of the natural bundle is the main determiner of a composite supply.

    In such supplies, there is one main product which is called the principal supply. Like in the above example, the mobile phone is the principal supply. Other goods or services are dependent on the principal supply.

    A composite supply will be taxable as the rate of GST applicable on the principal supply.

    For example, suppose the rate of GST on mobile phones is 18% and that on the charger is 12%, then the whole supply will be taxable at the rate of 18%.

    Mixed supply

    A mixed supply is a type of supply in which two or more goods or services or both are supplied together but they do not complement each other and are not a natural bundle. They are not supplied in the ordinary course of business, For example, a combo of bottled honey and face cream.

    In mixed supply, the good or service which attracts the highest rate of GST is considered the rate of supply for the whole supply.

    For example, suppose bottled honey attracts 5% GST and face cream 18% GST, then the whole supply will be charged 18% GST.

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A_Team
A_Team
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Cash Stock in trade Furniture Advance Payment

  2. GautamSaxena Curious .
    This answer was edited.

    The correct option is 3.) The term current assets do not include furniture. Explanation A current asset is any asset that can reasonably be expected to be sold, consumed, or exhausted through the normal operations of a business within one accounting year. Thus, current assets don't have life for morRead more

    The correct option is 3.)

    The term current assets do not include furniture.

    Explanation

    A current asset is any asset that can reasonably be expected to be sold, consumed, or exhausted through the normal operations of a business within one accounting year. Thus, current assets don’t have life for more than a year.

    Example: Cash and cash equivalent, stock, liquid assets, etc.

    Furniture is expected to have a useful life for more than a year and they are bought for a long term by a company.

    Cash is a more liquid asset of a company making it a more “current” asset. It requires no conversion and is spendable as it is. Thus, making it a vital current asset.

    Stock in trade is a current asset because it can be converted into cash within one year and all the stock in trade of a company is expected to be sold within one accounting period and should not stick for a longer period.

    Advance payment, on the other hand, is an amount paid to an employee, essentially a short-term loan by the employer. It’s recorded on the asset side of the balance sheet and as these assets are used, they are expended and recorded on the income statement for the period in which they are incurred, making it a short-term asset ending within an accounting year.

    Thus, on the asset side of the balance sheet, we can clearly see which current assets are and which are not included in the current asset

    Balance Sheet (As at…..)

    Therefore, (3) Furniture, won’t be included in current assets.

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Anushka Lalwani
Anushka Lalwani
In: >

  2. Akash Kumar AK
    This answer was edited.

    Goodwill In Accounting Aspect, Goodwill refers to an Intangible asset that facilitates a company in making higher profits and is a result of a business’s consistent efforts over the past years which can be the business's prestige, reputation, good name, customer trust, quality service, etc. GoodwillRead more

    Goodwill

    In Accounting Aspect, Goodwill refers to an Intangible asset that facilitates a company in making higher profits and is a result of a business’s consistent efforts over the past years which can be the business’s prestige, reputation, good name, customer trust, quality service, etc.

    Goodwill has no separate existence although the concept of goodwill comes when a company acquires another company with a willingness to pay a higher price over the fair market value of the company’s net asset in simple words the goodwill can be only realized while at the time of sale of a business.

     

    The formula for Goodwill

     

    Types of Goodwill

    there are two types of goodwill.

     

    1. Inherent Goodwill/Self-generated goodwill

    Inherent goodwill is the internally generated goodwill that was created or generated by the business itself. it is generally generated from the good reputation of the business.

    Inherent Goodwill or Self-generated goodwill is generally not shown in the books or never recognized in the books of Accounts and no journal entry for the inherent goodwill is passed.

     

    2. Purchased Goodwill/Acquired Goodwill

    At the time of acquisition of a business by another business, any amount paid over and above the net assets simply refers to the amount of Purchased Goodwill or Acquired goodwill.

    A Journal entry is passed in the case of the Purchase of goodwill.

     

    Type of Account

    generally, Goodwill is considered and recorded as an Intangible asset(long-term asset) due to its physical absence like other long-term assets.

     

    Modern rule of accounting:

    as per the Modern rule of accounting, all Assets or all possessions of a business are comes under the head Asset accounts.

    as Goodwill is treated as an Intangible asset it is an Asset Account.

     

    Journal entry for purchase of goodwill as per Modern rule

    Goodwill A/c Dr. – Amt

    To Cash/Bank A/c – Amt

    (The modern approach of accounting for the Asset account is: “Debit the increase in asset and Credit the decrease in the asset“)

     

    The golden rule of accounting

    As per the golden rule of accounting, all assets or possessions of a business other than those which are related to any person (debtor’s account) are considered Real accounts.

    Such accounts don’t close by the year-end and are carried forward.

    As Goodwill is an Intangible asset it is treated as a Real account as per the golden rule of accounting.

     

    Journal entry for purchase of goodwill as per Golden rule

    Goodwill A/c Dr. – Amt

    To Cash/Bank A/c – Amt

    (The golden rule of accounting for the Real account is: “Debit what comes in and Credit what Goes out“)

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SidharthBadlani
SidharthBadlani
In: >

  2. Ishika Pandey Curious ca aspirant
    This answer was edited.

    Definition Journal Entry is an entry made in the journal is called journal entry. And the process of recording a transaction in a journal is called journalizing. Broadly journal entries are of two types : 1. Simple entry 2. Compound entry Otherwise, they are categorized into seven types which are asRead more

    Definition

    Journal Entry is an entry made in the journal is called journal entry. And the process of recording a transaction in a journal is called journalizing.

    Broadly journal entries are of two types :

    1. Simple entry
    2. Compound entry

    Otherwise, they are categorized into seven types which are as follows :

    1. Opening entries
    2. Closing entries
    3. Rectification entries
    4. Transfer entries
    5. Adjusting entries
    6. Entries on dishonor of bills
    7. Miscellaneous entries

    Explanation

    Now let me explain to you the above types of entries mentioned which are as follows ;

    Simple entry
    • Is a journal entry in which one account is debited and another account is credited with an equal amount.
    • For example, the purchase of goods of Rs 5000 cash. It will affect two accounts,i.e., purchase A/C and cash A/C with the amount of Rs 5000.

    Compound entry
    • Is a journal entry in which one or more accounts are debited and/or one or more accounts credited or vice versa.
    • For example the sale of goods to Sati for Rs 5000, Rs 2000 is received in cash, and the balance is to be received later.
    • This transaction of the sale has an effect on three accounts i.e cash or bank A/C, Sati A/C, and sales A/C.

    Opening entries
    • Are defined as when books are started for the new year, the opening balance of assets and liabilities are journalized. For example bills payable, short-term loans, etc.

    Closing entries
    • At the end of the year, the profit and loss account has to be prepared. For this purpose, the nominal accounts are transferred to this account. This is done through journal entries called closing entries.

    Rectification entries
    • If an error has been committed, it is rectification through a journal entry.

    Transfer entries
    • If some amount is to be transferred from one account to another, the transfer will be made through a journal entry.

    Adjusting entries
    • At the end of the year, the number of expenses or income may have to be adjusted for amounts received in advance or for amounts not yet settled in cash.
    • Such an adjustment is also made through journal entries. Usually, the entries pertain to the following :

    Outstanding expenses,i.e., expenses incurred but not yet paid;

    Prepared expenses,i.e., expenses paid in advance for some period in the future ;

    Interest on capital is the interest proprietor’s investment in the business entity investment; and

    Depreciation fall in the value of assets used on account of wear and tear. For all these, journal entries are necessary.

    Entries on dishonor of bills
    • If someone who accepts a promissory note ( or bill) is not able to pay in on the due date, a journal entry will be necessary to record the non–payment or dishonor.

    Miscellaneous entries
    The following entries will also require journalizing
    • Credit purchase of things other than goods dealt in or materials required for the production of goods e.g. Credit purchase of furniture or machinery will be journalized.
    • An allowance to be given to the customers or a charge to be made to them after the issue of the invoice.
    • Receipt of promissory notes or issue to them if separate bills books have not been maintained.
    • On an amount becoming irrecoverable, say, because, of the customer becoming insolvent.
    • Effects of accidents such as loss of property by fire.
    • Transfer of net profit to capital account.

    Here are some examples of journal entries showing the above types :

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Anushka Lalwani
Anushka Lalwani
In: >

  2. Kajal
    This answer was edited.

    Profit refers to the excess of total revenue over total expenses. According to the rule "Debit all expenses and losses, Credit all incomes and gains", expenses are recorded on the debit side while revenues are recorded on the credit side. There is profit when Total revenue > Total expenses, whichRead more

    Profit refers to the excess of total revenue over total expenses. According to the rule “Debit all expenses and losses, Credit all incomes and gains”, expenses are recorded on the debit side while revenues are recorded on the credit side.

    There is profit when Total revenue > Total expenses, which means the balance of the credit side > the balance of the debit side. Since, in accounting Dr. side is always equal to the credit side, a balancing figure (representing profit or loss) is shown on the shorter side, to make both sides equal.

    When Credit side > Debit side, Profit(balancing figure) is shown on the Dr. side so that both sides are equal. 

     

    PROFIT

    Profit refers to the excess of total revenue over the total expenses of the business for an accounting year. In simple words, it shows how much extra the firm earned after deducting all the expenses it incurred during the year.

    Profit = Total Revenue – Total Expenses

    Suppose, the firm earned a total revenue of $10,000 for the accounting year 2022-23. Also, it incurred total expenses of $6,000 during the year. So, Profit for the AY 2022-23 is $4,000.

     

    ASCERTAINING PROFIT

    To ascertain profit earned or loss incurred by the firm during an accounting year, it prepares two accounts.

    • Trading A/c
    • Profit and Loss A/c

     

    Points to be noted:

    • Both accounts are Nominal Account which follows the rule “Debit all expenses and losses, Credit all incomes and gains”
    • The debit side records expenses while the Credit side records incomes.
    • Both are balanced accounts, which means its Dr. side is always equal to its Cr. side.
    • If they are not balanced, then a balancing figure is added to the shorter side which represents profit or the loss depending on which side is greater.
    • If Dr. side > Cr. side, it means expenses are more than the incomes and thus, there is a loss.
    • If Cr. side > Dr. side, it means there are more incomes than expenses and thus, there is Profit.

     

    TRADING ACCOUNT

    It is the first final account prepared for calculating gross profit or gross loss during the year because of the trading activities of the firm.

    Trading activities are related to the buying and selling of goods. In between buying and selling a lot of activities are there like transportation, warehousing, loading, unloading, etc. All expenses that are directly related to buying and selling as well as manufacturing of goods are known as Direct expenses and are also recorded in the trading accounts.

    Items included on the debit side:

    • Opening stock
    • Purchases
    • Direct expenses like wages, import duty, royalty, manufacturing expenses, etc.
    • Gross Profit

     

    Items included on the credit side:

    • Sales
    • Closing stock
    • Gross loss

     

    Gross Profit is when Cr. side (incomes) > Dr. side (expenses). It is recorded on the debit side as a balancing figure.

     

    PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT

    A businessman incurs a lot of expenses during the year which may be directly related or indirectly related to the business.

    As the Trading account only considers direct expenses, the businessman prepares the P&L A/c which considers all the expenses incurred during a year to ascertain net profit or loss.

    Items written on the Debit side

    • Gross loss (transferred from the trading a/c)
    • Office and administrative expenses (like employee’s salary, office rent, office lighting bills, legal charges, printing expenses, etc.)
    • Selling and distribution expenses (like advertisement fees, commission, carriage outward, packaging charges, etc.
    • Miscellaneous expenses (like interest on loan, interest on capital, repair, depreciation, etc.)
    • Net Profit

     

    Items written on the Credit side

    • Gross Profit (transferred from trading a/c)
    • Other incomes and gains (Like income from investments, interest received, rent received, etc.)
    • Net loss

     

    Net Profit is when the Cr. side (incomes)> Dr. side(expenses). It is recorded on the Debit side as a balancing figure.

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Nistha
Nistha
In: >

Journal EntrySubscriptionSubscription Received in Advance
  2. Sandy CMA Final
    This answer was edited.

    To start with let me give you a brief explanation of what a subscription is After joining a not-for-profit organization, a member is required to pay a certain amount of money every year at periodical intervals in order to keep his membership activated, such an amount of money is the subscription. FoRead more

    To start with let me give you a brief explanation of what a subscription is

    After joining a not-for-profit organization, a member is required to pay a certain amount of money every year at periodical intervals in order to keep his membership activated, such an amount of money is the subscription.

    For accounting purposes, subscription is always taken on an accrual basis which means the amount which is received during the current year is only taken into consideration.

    Now, Subscription received in advance means the amount of money that has been received during the current year but which relates to the year that is yet to come. In other words, we can say it is the unearned income by the organization.

    It is recurring in nature and liability for the organization as it does not relate to the current year.

    Journal Entry for Subscription received in advance

    Here, the Subscription received in advance is credited to the Subscription account for the current year.

    This is the adjustment entry made during the current year.

    Treatment of Subscription in Financial Statements

    • Receipts and payment account.
    • Income and expenditure account.
    • Balance sheet.

    Receipts and Payment account: In the receipts and payment account, the entire amount of subscription is written on the receipts side. That is to say, subscription amount relating to the previous year, current year, and the year to come (outstanding subscription, current year subscription, advance subscription).

    Income and Expenditure account: In the Income and Expenditure Account, the subscription comes on the Income side. It is shown as

    Here, a subscription received in advance in the current year is deducted to find the actual amount because although the money is received in advance the benefits related to it are yet to be provided by the organization.

    Balance sheet: In the balance sheet, a subscription received in advance comes in the liability side under current liabilities as the benefits related to it are yet to be derived.

    For Example, Lionel club received subscription from its members for the year 2020 as follows-

    • Subscription of 2020 was received in 2019 – 2,000
    • Subscription of 2021 was received in 2020 – 3,000

    The total subscription was received during the year – 10,000

    Here,

    Subscription of 2020 was received in 2019- It is an Outstanding Subscription.

    Subscription of 2021 was received in 2020- It is an advance Subscription.

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Radha
Radha
In: >

Installation
  2. Karan B.com and Pursuing ACCA
    This answer was edited.

    The installation expenses for a new machinery will be debited to the "Machinery A/c". Installation expenses are the expense incurred to bring an asset to a working condition where it can be used. For example, installation charges are incurred on machinery to make it operational. Installation chargesRead more

    The installation expenses for a new machinery will be debited to the “Machinery A/c“. Installation expenses are the expense incurred to bring an asset to a working condition where it can be used. For example, installation charges are incurred on machinery to make it operational.

    Installation charges will be capitalized along with the cost of machinery. It is so because this expense is concerning the machinery and any expense directly related to an asset should be capitalized, as an asset will be with the business for a longer period of time.

    This charge will be incurred only once as a part of bringing the machinery to its working condition, and hence it should be capitalized and should be added to the cost of the machine. The whole amount will be shown in the balance sheet on the asset side as a Fixed Asset.

    This charge will not be shown in Profit and Loss A/c as it reflects all the revenue expenditure incurred in the period.

    Example:

    Starbucks purchased a coffee blending machine for the business purpose for $1,00,000. The installation expense incurred on it to make it operational was $20,000. How will Starbucks record this in the Balance Sheet on 31 December?

    In the Balance Sheet, Starbucks will add the installation expense incurred on the machine to the cost of the machine as it is the cost incurred to make the machine operational for further business use. Hence, the cost of $20,000 will be shown along with the cost of the coffee blending machine ($1,00,000+$20,000=$1,20,000)

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